How to achieve peace in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

How to achieve peace in Pakistan Essay Pakistan was founded. Pakistan was built to fulfill the needs of the Muslim community by providing them equality, Justice and freedom. However, soon enough it failed to fulfill the promises it had made to its society thus instability, restlessness and wretchedness reigned throughout the nation. Achievement of peace in Pakistan is actually the desire of every follow Pakistani or at least a huge majority of them. To devise a proper strategy we need to analyze and understand the causes f unrest and chaos in Pakistan. Factors causing disturbance in Pakistan can be categorized in internal and external factors. Internals factors consist of social, economic, political and administrative whereas external factors are related to regional instability and international so-called war on terror involving Kashmir, Iran, Afghanistan and Baluchistan. For achievement of peace and stability we need to address the huge gap between haves and have nots. Firstly socially, there seems to be a huge gap between the different classes within the country. A large majority when sees a small minority enjoying a very luxurious life style they naturally rebel and resort to unlawful activities to become rich overnight. We can say this is a poor vs. rich tension, which disturbs the peace of society in various ways such as crime and law breaking. Secondly, politically, in Karachi different political parties have armed wings. Karachi being the biggest city has greater influence. Respective political leaders protect crimes of members of these gangs. While political leaders re enjoyingi government position at the same time they are patronizing criminals, murderers, target killers, extortionists and land grabbers. Thirdly, economically, Karachi being port city and major economic hub affects Pakistan. One day of strike and unrest in Karachi costs billion of rupees to national exchequer. Lastly, on the administrative side, law enforcement agencies are plagued by corruption. They are packed with cronies of influential people along with lack of proper training and sufficient resources. In some cases sources of trouble and unrest outnumber civil law nforcement agencies. Furthermore criminals are able to get relief from tax and justice procedures. They can even intimidate eyewitnesses and thus obstruct dispensation of Justices. This further erodes confidence of public on the prevailing system and thus increases unrest and instability. Therefore, to achieve peace we need to address all these issues immediately. The first step should be to break the vicious cycle of illiteracy, poverty and disease by providing educational and health facilities and equal Job opportunities on merit. We have to uplift standard of general public through a fair system based on social Justice by educating general public through print and electronic media about the responsibilities and rights of a citizen. Law enforcement agencies need to be revamped by selecting officers and cadres on merit, proper training and equipping them with latest equipment and technology and where necessary paramilitary forces can be used to assist them. A fair and speedy Justice system, which ensures that troublemakers are taken to task without ny delay, should be formed. Similarly, on the international front we have to get out of Afghan war. We should not allow proxy wars to be fought in our territory. In KPK and Baluchistan political reconciliation is required since administrative measures alone have failed to give desired results. To sum up, peace in Pakistan cannot be achieved in bullet but a set of social, economic, political and administrative system could help our country to gradually move towards the right path and a path towards stability.

The culture in Barcelona

The culture in Barcelona The culture of Spain today is highly linked to the modern bullfight since it has been influenced by those who conquered and fought for control of Liberian pensile, also those artists who flourished during the golden age greatly, contributed to the development of the Spanish culture. The culture of Spain depends much on its historical past. In these modern days, Spanish culture portrays a picture of frames and hierarchies. In Spain, culture and education are mainly viewed as the main weapons which helps in fighting against fascism and also culture gives room for republican government and revolutionary parties where they can add both elites and unknown whites into their enterprise (Thatcher, 1999, Pg 16). Due to its advanced cultural statures Barcelona attracted so many people into the city which mainly contributed to good economic growth within the city. Some of their cultural practices such as games, sports and other sought of entertainments within the city made it to appear unique f rom the rest of the cities in Spain and thus why it was ranked the second city in Spain. Since time in memorial till to date, Barcelona has been ranked as one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Due to its overwhelming beauty, Barcelona has attracted so many tourists in the city which has consequently raised the standards of the city and has improved it marketability through out the world. Its basic over view has various attractive things which includes even its city centre since it has maintained its medieval street plan and other stunning modernist architectures and various beautiful building the city and has also many museums such as those which were dedicated to various important persons like Picasso, Miro and Barca. It’s also known of its famous Barcelona Olympics game. This enabled the Barcelona Olympics to be held in the city of Barcelona which made so many people to come to the city and appreciate its potentiality and other good aspects that the city processed. The cultural aspects of Barcelona city were appreciated by many during that time which pr omoted their culture a great deal. Barcelona city is one of the cities which attracts tourists and leave them with unforgettable experiences since it’s so lively. Its rights are equally active as days which enable citizens and visitors to have a 24 hours operating time. The tourists were mainly attracted due to the physical features within the city such as sand beach which the tourists could go and relax. The city also and many industries and carvings which made them to appreciate the city since they could purchase many valuables within the city and those carvings which portrayed the culture of the city and its people (Wright pg 20). The climatic condition of Barcelona is quite good all the year round which make people to enjoy visiting the city at any time of the year. The city has also sandy beach which enable visitors and citizens to have good places for relaxing while on holidays or over the weekends. Its geographically situated in a good geographical background which enables good accessibility of the Spanish city from the rest of the cities in the Europe. Barcelona is the capital and most popular city of Catalonia and it’s the second largest city in Spain. Barcelona city is the one that houses the seat of Catalonia government and various leaders dwell within this city. Since it’s the capital of Catalonia many activities take place within the city which keeps it lively through out the day and night. Business within the city are carried out thru out since its experienced good security because most of the administrative bodies were housed within the city. The city of Barcelona as a capital of Catalonia had a great role, to play and they needed agreement between the government and the council in order to maintain these roles. Barcelona with the help of Catalonia government established infrastructures in the city which enables good social cohesion of the capital city of Catalonia. There good and improved infrastructure facilitated good social interaction and attracted many tourists which consequently lead to a rapid growth of the Catalonia. The city council of Barcelona worked hand in hand with Catalonia government to improve social services and education. http://waytoownstate.blogspot.com/2008/02/558-pro-independence-in-catalonia.html as retrieved on 1 Mar 2008 08:29:16 GMT Barcelona had a good industrial elite and therefore they wanted Catalonia to stay as part of Spain since its industrial market basically relied very much on consumption from the other Spanish regions. Therefore due to its good industrial market it has enabled it to serve as national market Catalonia was established by the state of autonomy in 1979. It’s an autonomous community which mainly covers most of the North eastern Spanish provinces such as Barcelona, Lenda Gerona and Tarragona. Barcelona being the capital city of Catalonia was formerly the principality of the crown of Aragon which played a very important role in the history of Iberian Peninsula. It was also a centre of Separatist Movement which many of he times dominated Spanish affairs. The city of Barcelona boosted Catalonia economy since most of the industries are situated within the city such as metal working, textile industry, food processing industries, chemical industries. Some of the main industries which were concentrated in Barcelona were textile, paper making and graphics, chemicals and metal working. Due to the growing demand of petroleum in Catalonia they expanded one of the oil refineries in Barcelona. Therefore, the city of Barcelona enabled the economy of Catalonia to grow which consequently enabled it to strengthen its political status. The court Ramon Bevenguer IV of Barcelona was betrothed by the queen of Aragon Petronila, Catalonia and Aragon became united under the same rulers. After their union, Catalonia dominated trade in all the aspects and their interest dominated the union of Aragon this was achieved when the male line of court of Barcelona became extinct. Catalonia gained autonomy and enjoyed its autonomy and cultural freedom. This was backed by the losing cause, Barcelona by that time was a republican which held strongly the antifascist sentiments and Catalan nationalism the time of Spanish civil war. During this time the Catalan lost their language and identity. Catalonia war autonomy which was granted to it by the Spanish Cortes. Its efforts to revolutionize complete independence jailed but the restoration of autonomy was enabled in 1936. Catalonia’s loyalist supported the republic but unfortunately he suffered a lot of opposition from Franco. Barcelona by then was the loyalist capital and by 1939, Catalonia fell in the lands of Franco dictatorship, they were banned from using Catalans in public life. By 1980 Catalonia had elected the first parliament as an autonomous region. Increased autonomy for Catalonia was approved in the year 2006 together with its recognition as a nation within Spain (Snyder pg 51). Barcelona being the capital city of Catalonia had contributed a lot to the growth of Catalonia as an autonomous independent country of Spain. It made various contributions in political, economic, social, and cultural aspects towards the build up of Catalonia. Barcelona was the central post for most of the activities taking place in Barcelona since it was the capital city and the centre of all the operations. Economically Barcelona uplifted the standards of living within Catalonia since most of the businesses were carried out in this big city. The city operated for 24 hours daily which enabled many activities to proceed on well. Many businesses were set up within the city which facilitated trade. The population of people living in these areas had grown adversely which also boosted trade within the city. The city had unique and admirable scenes such as the carvings, sand beach and many other interesting places which attracted so many tourists in the region and this in return boosted the economy of Catalonia. There tourist could trade within the city which due to its diverse goods and other cultural aspects which attracted them such as carvings. The city also hosted major industries which had great contribution to the economic status of Catalonia since it had good economic status which was mainly contributed by Barcelona city as a result of its good economic growth. Therefore, due to their good economic growth they enabled the Catalonia to grain its independence and to support itself fully. Barcelona also hosted various cultural practices and ceremonies since it was the capital city of Catalonia. This attracted so many people to the region and consequently boosted its good relationship with other regions and this enabled them to come together and fight for their independence. Culturally they also intermarried with other regions which brought the different regions together and enabled them to fight for the independence of their region which made them to be declared a state within the Spanish government ( http://www.indymedia.ie/article/83637 as retrieved on 1 Mar 2008 15:21:38 GMT). Barcelona basically acted like beehive of activities where most of the activities are organized. These activities brought various people together including leaders to discuss various issues which regards to fighting for Barcelona’s independence so that it can stand on its own. Many activities such as veteran meetings, demonstrations to fight for their independence, social gatherings were carried out in this capital city of Barcelona. These activities made people from different tribes who made up the Catalan government to come together so that they could organize themselves to fight for their autonomous independence. Barcelona city acted as seat of Catalan government and this enabled most of the governmental activities to be carried out within the Barcelona city since it was situated in a good geographical region. Many government leaders could come to the city to attend meetings and conferences which enabled good ruling of the government. Catalonia fights very hard to attain their independence from the federal government of Madrid. The hosting of Olympic Games in Barcelona paved way for many Catalans to fight for their independence. Few of the Barcelonans working class were able to attend the Olympics since a non working class could not have access to Olympic due to the high prices for buying tickets and other seats were reserved for multinational sponsors (Simonis, pg 29). In this Catalans viewed the Olympic Games as a perfect opportunity that they could use to plead for their independence from the federal government of Madrid. Many Catalans but not all had gathered where Olympic Games were carried out at Badalona some few meters from Barcelona town so that they could argue and protest for their independence from Spain during the meeting of multinational corporate Olympics. Catalan language was also used in Olympic due to strong political presence of Catalonian independence movement. Therefore, the city of Barcelona contributed greatly to the independence of Catalan since it hosted the Olympic Games which facilitated the struggle and fight for independence by the Catalans. Barcelona had various places where Catalans can gather so that they can discuss their political strength. For example, coffee shops acted as stopover places where by local residents can gather to talk about the politics of Catalan and to socialize with each other. These gatherings sphere headed the struggle for independence for the Catalonia independence. These coffee shops also acted as prime sites for working class political discourse and serves as an awareness area for the local residents. In the city of Barcelona, there was a school which was located near the sand beach politically students from these schools were used to transport the production staff around the city. Some of the opposition of the Catalonia were in the boxing screw by the time the venue was assigned to three students to transport the staffs around the city. Some of these opposes were sympathetic to Catalonia independence movement and had their relatives who fought against the Franco force. Therefore location of this school within the city of Barcelona enabled them to sue students in their fighting for their noble independence rights. The economic status of Barcelona also enabled the Catalonia to fight for their independence since the money that they gained could be used to fund the veterans who were used to fight for the independence of the Catalonia government. Due to the good economy of Barcelona they could fund and strengthen their own government either than relying on the federal government of the Spain. Olympic Games can stimulate symbols of national unity and ceremonials like the ones which applied to Barcelonan Olympics since they were facilitate by the language and symbolism of Catalonian nationalism (Hargreaves, 2000, Pg 17) Catalonia basically is not a sovereign body because its only a constitute of the Spanish nation since the Spanish state was created taking into consideration the national sovereignty of Spanish people to start with. Catalonian have developed quite a strong tool which helps them to defend their national character language and culture and at the same time it aims at improving the living standards of its citizens. Its aim is to establish good relationship with the national sphere which would encourage corporation within the Catalonia so that they can be able to come together as a nation to fight for their independence. Through corporation and good governance of the Catalonia people they can be able to come up with along lasting solution on how they can strive to be an independent. This corporation is the main one which facilitated them to gain their independence. The status of autonomy mainly referred to Catalonian territory, history, language symbols and projects which are meant to be shared in future. It also refers to direct Catalan consciousness which is meant to form a differentiated community. According to statute, all Spanish citizens who according to the general law of the state are legal residents in he municipality of the Catalonia are the ones who should be regarded to as Catalan. (Montserrat, 2004, Pg 79). Catalonia Independence from Spain and France is greatly supported by the Catalan independentism which is a political movement. The main pro-independence party of the Catalan was Catalunya which was established after the Spanish Civil War. Therefore, Barcelona as the capital city of Catalonia and a very popular city in Spain has greatly triggers the attainment and growth of Catalonia independence. Since its the city whereby major activities took place which helped in triggering the achievement of an independence state. Since Barcelona is the second largest city in Spain, it had quite an influential role to Catalan nation which were the main occupants of the city. Barcelona also being the major economic centre, it could be able to fund Catalunya party which was the pro-independence party of the Catalan which was meant to trigger the independent of the Catalonia. Barcelona is the main city in Catalonia government which houses the seats of Catalan government. In this the executive branches of the government, the parliament and the Supreme Court of the Catalonia. Due to these facts there leaders who are housed within the city come up with strategies which could enable them to attain independence. Barcelona city also acts as the capital of the country of the Barcelonese. Due to the many roles that the city of Barcelona played, it proved that indeed it had great contribution towards the attainment of the Catalonian independence. Therefore, the city of Barcelona due to its good cultural, climatic, political and social background enabled the people of Catalonia to come up together for them to fight for the Catalonia independence. Work Cited David Thatcher, 1999, Cambridge Companion to Modern Spanish Culture, Cambridge University: United State. John Hargreaves, 2000, Freedom for Catalan? Catalan Nationalism, Spanish Identity, Cambridge University Press: United State. Maria Montserrat, 2004, Catalan Nationalism, Francoism, Transition and Democracy, Routledge: New York, Pg 35-37 http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:pG6mBb4BShoJ:www.indymedia.ie/article/83637+catalan+independencehl=enct=clnkcd=7gl=ke Sue Wright, 1999, Language Democracy and Devolution in Catalan, Multilingual Matters: Canada, pg 20-23 Louis Snyder, 1990, Encyclopaedia of Nationalism, Paragon House, pg 51-55 Damien Simonis, 2006, Barcelona, Lonely Planet pg 29-33. http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:V_oldiCoC8UJ:waytoownstate.blogspot.com/2008/02/558-pro-independence-in-catalonia.html+catalan+independencehl=enct=clnkcd=16gl=ke

The Biology of the Venom of Hapalochlaena Maculosa :: Poisonous Australia Wildlife Essays

The Biology of the Venom of Hapalochlaena maculosa Hapalochlaena maculosa, commonly known as the blue-ringed octopus, is a golf ball-sized cephalopod inhabiting the waters around Tasmania and southeastern Australia with a highly potent neurotoxin that it uses as a predatory and defensive mechanism. H. maculosa does not actually synthesize its venom, but rather, the neurotoxin (known as maculotoxin) is produced by a bacterial symbiont of the octopus that lives in its salivary glands. While not overly aggressive, H. maculosa has been known to bite humans when they disturb the usually reclusive octopus. Tetrodotoxin (TTX), the principle component of maculotoxin, inhibits the nervous system by binding to sodium channels on nerve cells to prevent the flow of sodium and release of neurotransmitters. Recent findings have shown that there are sodium channel variants that are either immune or resistant to tetrodotoxin. In most humans, however, victims of the blue-ringed octopus’s neurotoxin will enter into increasingly dangerous s tages of paralysis, which will often end in death of the victim without medical assistance. Sustained medical care for the duration of the toxin’s effects will improve the likelihood of a victim’s survival, but mortality rates are still staggeringly high despite current medical efforts and attempts to find an antidote. Introduction Australia is home to many of the most venomous animals in the world. Many people know that the bites from many of Australia’s snakes and spiders or the stings from its jellyfish and scorpions can be lethal, and oftentimes images of a person writhing in agony as a toxin courses through his or her body come to mind. However, one of Australia’s deadliest creatures has a toxin that works in a very different way. The venom of Hapalochlaena maculosa, or the blue-ringed octopus, causes relatively little pain, but its effects are much more terrifying for the victim. This venom, known as maculotoxin, is an unusual venom both in how it has come to be the weapon of the blue-ringed octopus and in how it works. Physical Biology H. maculosa is a member of Class Cephalopoda and Family Octopodidae. The octopus is made up of a main body, or head, in which there is a well-developed brain, a mouth region that houses the beak, and a pair of eyes. Surrounding the mouth are eight or ten tentacles which are lined with suckers. Within the mantle cavity are the visceral organs, including the venom apparatus (Halstead et al.

Hemophilia Manitoba :: essays research papers fc

Hemophilia Manitoba Hemophilia Manitoba, or hemophilia, is a sex-linked genetic disorder that is effecting about 20,000 Americans, most of which males. A person with hemophilia either has an inactive or inadequate supply of one of several blood factors needed for blood to clot. Because of this hemophilia can be mild, moderate, or severe. Severe hemophiliacs are at risk for bleeding during surgery, trauma, or even dental work. There are two types of hemophilia, A and B (Christmas disease). Hemophilia B is extremely rare. The majority of the people have hemophilia A. In hemophilia A, the particular factor missing is 8 for clotting. Because hemophilia is sex-linked disorder, it can be passed on from mother to child. This is because the gene responsible for making blood factors 8 and 9 are only found on the X-chromosome. If a female is a carrier that means that she has one bad gene and one good gene for this disease. There is a fifty percent chance that she would pass it on to her child because she can only pass on one of the two chromosomes. If a male has hemophilia, he will have normal sons and all of his daughters will be carriers of the hemophilia disorder because all he can pass on is the defective X-chromosome. Males mostly have hemophilia, but women can also have hemophilia. This is extremely rare though because two defective X-chromosomes would be needed. In fact, the first proven case of women having hemophilia was not until the 1950’s (Bornstein 89). Female carriers are also at risk. These women are known as asymptomatic carriers and may suffer excessive menstrual bleeding, bruising, nosebleeds, and problems during childbirth. One serious problem with hemophilia is joint bleeds. When a joint bleeds, a small amount of blood leaks into joint space and can not escape the joint because it is covered by a capsule of tissue. If the bleeding is not discovered by this stage, blood will continue to fill up the joint space. The joint begins to swell and become uncomfortable. Eventually, the pressure inside will be greater than outside and the bleeding stops. Fortunately, the blood makes digestive enzymes that eats up the trapped blood. Unfortunately, the digestive enzymes will also attack the cartilage that covers the bones. After several bleeds, the cartilage can become worn out and the enzymes can eat away at the bone. Hemophilia is either treated each time an internal bleed

The Possible Secrecy of UFOs :: Unidentified Flying Objects Aliens Essays

The Possible Secrecy of UFOs Unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, are one of the most controversial mysteries known to mankind. From ancient to present times, unidentified objects have been seen in the sky by millions of people. The question is, of course, what is it that we are seeing in our skies? Are they foreign spacecrafts from distant planets, merely Air Force experiments, or only our imagination? Many people believe that extraterrestrial life is existent and far more advanced then us. Conversely, many believe that aliens are just figments of our optimistic imaginations. What about our governments? Are they hiding vital information from us, the citizens of the world, in belief that we are better off not knowing the truth? Countless government employees have continually denied allegations of UFOs being in contact with our planet. Then again, many of these officials have also allegedly taken part in UFO cover-ups and seen flying saucers ­ for themselves. Is there some huge conspiracy, or are there only at tention-hungry people who wish to be in the spotlight? Arguments are incredibly strong for both sides. There is an excessive amount of information which could lead one to assume that UFOs are fiction, yet there is also an abundant amount of evidence which suggests that UFOs are in fact out there. What, and who, are we to believe? I. On September 1, 1859, Richard Carrington, a renowned astronomer of his time, saw two luminous bodies that he said were not meteors flying through the air (Lore 53). Nine years later at Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford, many astronomers witnessed a luminous object that moved quickly across the sky, stopped, changed course to the west, then to the south, where it hovered for four minutes. Then it headed toward the north. (Lore 53) UFOs. What are they, and where do they come from? Unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, are one of the worldÆ’Â ­s oldest and most intriguing mysteries. UFOs are commonly called flying saucers ­, which the American Heritage Dictionary defines as any of various unidentified flying objects typically reported and described as luminous discs (272). Esteemed Idaho businessman Kenneth Arnold coined the phrase flying saucer ­ when in June of 1947 he saw saucer-shaped discs flying over the Cascade Mountains. It was in this year that these unidentified flying object sightings began to escalate. About one month after Arnold saw these objects in the sky the incident at Roswell occurred.

Religion Is Seen as Not Promoting Social Change for Marx and Durkheim. Essay

Religion is a powerful role in influencing a society and the lives of it’s members. The sociological traditions of Marx and Durkheim view religion totally differently, yet they both agree that religion is a very important aspect of a society. Durkheim and Marx each had their own definitions of religion. However, we will learn that they both see an important role that religion plays in a society, as well as the ways in which society creates and shapes their religions. Unlike Durkheim and Weber, Marx was not much concerned with the studying religion although his ideas on religion are very influential. For marx religion He further feels that a world that requires illusion (religion) has something wrong with it. Marx talks about two primary functions of religion in what he calls the â€Å"real world†. First he says that religion is the opium of the people. Marx feels religion provides anesthesia to the masses. To him, religion is a way for people to escape from some of the suffering in their lives or to somehow feel better despite all of their suffering. Religion deters suffering of the present situations of people. It allows people to put off their suffering because they believe it will be taken care of in heaven, or where ever, after they die. And as it would follow, religion helps people put more hope into â€Å"the year after†. People who are religious really do believe â€Å"life† will be better for them after they die. Also religion helps to maintain the oppression of the lower classed people by the people who make up the upper classes. The second primary function of religion in a society, according to Karl Marx, is that it is the sigh of the oppressed creature. Religion brings with it a safety value. People end up being lulled into the protection religion seems to offer them, and people do feel the need to feel and be safe. Religion also gives people an opportunity to complain about the ways of the world. The world is not the way religion says it should be and therefore people complain about the way it actually is, as a way of feeling like a good member of their chosen religion. Religion allows people to acknowledge the dehumanized state of their lives. It helps people to see the horrible way in which we are in and it helps keep us in this horrible way. We realize through religion that we are not finding fulfillment in our lives. Marx would view a relationship between religious belief and progressive social activism as a display of a dehumanized society yearning for self actualization. The people of a progressive social activist society are not getting self actualization because there political system allows for scarcity of necessities, goods and jobs, and they also oppress the people of their society. According to Marx, if people are without self actualization they will create a place where they can find self actualization. Religion helps people do that. Durkheim dedicated a considerable part of his academic life to the study of religion especially religion in small scale traditional societies. Allotting a single sentence to Durkheim in a kind of appendix to The Sacred & The Profane, Eliade comments that the French founder of sociology ‘believed that he had found the sociological explanation for religion in totemism’. Durkheim bases his work on the totemism practiced by Australian aborigines and argues that totemism is the most elementary or simple form of religion. Durkheim starts Forms by looking at how religion may be defined and here the sacred profane dichotomy comes immediately into play: the primary characteristic of religion is that it divides the world into the two domains of sacred and profane. In fact, the two are opposed so fundamentally that they are seen as separate worlds. In Durkheim’s view the sacred is far from being synonymous with the divine. Not only may gods and spirits be sacred, but also things like rocks, trees, pieces of wood, in fact anything. For what makes something sacred is not that it is somehow connected to the divine but that it is the subject of a prohibition that sets it radically apart from something else, which is itself thereby made profane. Durkheim describes religion in terms of beliefs and rites. For him, the details of these in particular religions are particular ways of dealing in thought and action with the fundamental dichotomy of sacred and profane.

Effective Human Resources Essay

The four bands Each of the 10 professional areas is further divided into four levels or bands (from 1 to 4), which define the different levels of work activities and knowledge requirements within each area. There is also a useful section within the information on bands, entitled ‘Transitions’, which helps us identify how we can move, or prepare to move, from one professional band to the next. Band one Supports colleague with administration and process. Effectively manages information and data and is customer orientated. Band two Advices on and/or manages HR related issues relating to an individual or a team. Has a clear understanding of the evaluation process and the solutions available. Band three Leads a professional area acting as a consultant or partner, addresses key HR challenges at an organisational level for the medium and long term. Band four Leads and manages a professional area(s) and/or the organisation. Responsible for developing and delivering organisational and HR strategy. Activity 1 part B QUESTION comment on the activities and knowledge specified within any 1 professional  area, at either band 1 or band 2, identifying those you consider most essential to your own (or other identified) HR role. Answer Learning and development is one of the professional areas which I identified to be essential in HR role. The level of responsibilities are describe in three different ways, namely: a). what you need to know (knowledge) b). what you need to do (activities) c). How you need to do it ( behaviour) Knowledge In this professional area HR personnel are require to have knowledge about the organisational purpose, the key product/service and customer. Also require HR personnel to know the sector context in which the organisation operates, legal and market factors that impact performance. Activity The skills or abilities require of HR personnel in the (Learning and development) area are the abilities to collect, collate and analyse project metrics, data and report back on key information. Require of the HR personnel to provide accurate and timely information, data and advice to managers and employees on organisation’s people policies and procedure and employment. Behaviour HR personnel could carry out the activity successfully by using the following behaviour a). Driven to deliver- Demonstrates determination, resourcefulness and purpose to deliver the best results for the organisation. b). personally credible-Builds and delivers professionalism through combining commercial and HR expertise to bring value to the organisation, stakeholders and peers. The above aforementioned responsibilities is considered to be entry-level (i.e. BAND 1) in the HR profession. Reference 1. http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B4D7EB6D-FD79-45A1-B32D-F951C7ACB3A4/0/978