Health Care System - 1180 Words

Given the fact that the United states of America and Canada are linked together sharing a border which is open basically to and from both sides, their health care systems are highly different from each other and how the services are financed, organized and given to the citizens. In Canada, healthcare comes from the ‘Single payer system’ (Canadian health care system, 2013). Single payer is known to be quite normal in many other countries, for example, New Zealand. It is basically a publically funded system that is provided by the provincial governments through taxes with guidance and some funds from the federal government (Canadian health care system, 2013). This health system covers Canadian citizens, permanent residents and temporary†¦show more content†¦Most of all the U.S. citizens need a more privately owned insurance to cover the cost of medical care services. Group health insurance purchased by employers were introduced originally during World War II, when wages froze it caused employers to offer benefits such as a way to compete for workers. Nearly every amend since the early 1970s has desired to grow this concept of things. There are now currently more than 1200 privately owned insurance companies in America. Public insurance is provided for the poor that can’t afford good healthcare (Medicaid) and for those over age sixty-five (Medicare). The Medicare system administers medical coverage for those who are at the age 65 and older. In addition, younger people with disabling illnesses or injuries are suitable for Medicare coverage. Those who are under age 65, but do not have health insurance are too poor to afford it and are eligible for medical coverage through Medicaid. Medicare is financed by federal income taxes, while Medicaid is funded by a blend of state and federal taxes. Medical insurance for those who cant seem to get it anywhere else is actually paid for by the more prosperous citizens, basically the rich and well paid citizens. It is paid not directly, but through work and taxes that they payShow MoreRelatedHealth And Health Care System1336 Words   |  6 PagesGood health can be seen as important contribution of a high function thriving society. Health is defined in many ways; however I p articularly identify with the World Health Organization definition of health as the state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not just the lack of disease. The way the United States perceives health reflects throughout the health care system. Throughout recent years there has been several comparisons with other countries which I believe are important inRead MoreThe Health Of A Health Care System1892 Words   |  8 PagesA health care system is a framework of interrelated, interacting, and interdependent descriptions of human development in a given country, region, or community. This system of human development functions as an organized measure to promote and provide treatment in which individuals reach their highest attainable level of physical, mental, and social well-being. All health care systems are grounded in the concept that genetic and biological factors must be taken into account to understand the problemsRead MoreHealth Care System1200 Words   |  5 Pag esHealth Care System Health Services Organization Health Care System In this paper there will be a brief discussion of three forces that have affected the development of the U.S healthcare system. It will observe whether or not these forces will continue to have an effect on the U.S healthcare system over the next decade. This paper will also include an additional force, which may be lead to believe to have an impact on the health care system of the nation. And lastly this paper will evaluateRead MoreHealth Insurance And The Health Care System855 Words   |  4 PagesMartocchio (2014), health insurance covers the costs of a variety of services that promote sound physical and mental health, including physical examinations, diagnostic testing, surgery, dental treatments, and corrective prescription lenses for vision deficiencies. More than two centuries ago, the presence of the health care system emerged when mining and railroad companies hired doctors to provide medical services to their employees. As a result of the catastrophic World War I, many he alth providers wereRead MoreIn The Health Care System Essay1760 Words   |  8 Pages Interprofessionalism in the Health Care System Gisselle Molina Diaz Keiser University Interprofessionalism in the Health Care System Many years ago in the primitive age men used to work in different disciplines where the primary goal was protect their communities to survive. In that Era, farmers, hunters and fishermen formed an interdisciplinary team in the same environment to provide wellbeing to their tribes. Likewise, nowadays health care providers can collaborate in differentRead MoreIn The Health Care System Essay1756 Words   |  8 Pagesin the Health Care System Many years ago in the primitive age men used to work in different disciplines where the primary goal was protect their communities to survive. In that Era, farmers, hunters and fishermen formed an interdisciplinary team in the same environment to provide wellbeing to their tribes. Likewise, nowadays health care providers can collaborate in different professions to optimize patients’ outcomes and satisfaction. Interprofessional care is an essential part of the health professionalRead MoreThe On The Health Care System1580 Words   |  7 Pageslike me and I know that it has been extremely beneficial to me, to be aware about the health care system. The importance of understanding how we are insured and what our rights are, has never been more prominent. With the introduction of the Affordable Care Act or â€Å"Obamacare,† in 2010, there were many changes to our health care system. The changes apply to everyone and I felt that it was my duty as a Public Health student to sp read what I have learned to further engage my peers and allow them to takeRead MoreThe And Health Care System1233 Words   |  5 Pagesfor numerous months to get care from the V.A. medical center. Once it is time for your appointment the parasitic disease leishmaniasis has already spread through most of the body. A few weeks later doctors declare you dead, your family is angry at the V.A. health care system because you did not receive health care sooner. The U.S. veteran’s health care system fails veterans due to their long wait times but can be fixed by applying the triage system. In the current system, you are given an appointmentRead MoreA Universal Health Care System1494 Words   |  6 PagesA universal health care system All Americans should have access to healthcare despite their ability to pay. Americans should have access to healthcare because no American should go in debt in order to be seen by a Doctor. Any American that doesn’t have health insurance because they cannot afford private health insurance should have an option for a government ran insurance system. After the age of twenty-two I was no longer able to be on my mother’s health insurance and because I was notRead MoreThe Australian Health Care System1347 Words   |  6 PagesTHE AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM The Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system in the whole world. Our Health System is shaped around many factors including; age, race, health, socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds, health history and location. There are many facets of the Australian Health care System. It doesn’t just include the local doctor; there are many other services that are a part of a larger network. There are many governing bodies that enable the policy

Essay Remember the Titans Rhetorical Analysis - 977 Words

Multicolored Dream In the movie Remember the Titans Coach Boone gives a speech on the battle ground of Gettysburg. Coach Boone was hired and made head coach over the nominated Hall of Fame Coach Yoast. Racial tensions were building between team members because their school, T.C. Williams became integrated. His team of football players had a problem with open prejudice and hostility between the black and white players. After a day of bad practice, Coach Boone took his team out for a run in the middle of the night through the forest to deal with the issue. When the players were finally given a chance to breathe they realized that they were at the Civil War battle ground of Gettysburg. He utilizes his strong demeanor and gives a speech†¦show more content†¦The strong imagery paints a picture of the battlefield and draws a connection between the past and present leaving the football players with a feeling of loss. In the beginning of the movie, Coach Boone had to build ethos for himself because of racial differences. Coach Boone, being of African American descent, was hired over their current caucasian coach and this caused the white football players to boycott the team until Coach Yoast became their assistant coach. Coach Boone lead his team by example and his dedication to his craft. He showed the players that he did not care about what color you wore on your skin, but of the sport that brought them together. During his speech he states â€Å"I don’t care if you like each other or not. But you will respect each other. And maybe, I don’t know, maybe we’ll learn to play this game like men† (Boone). He uses the built trust aspect of ethos very well to close this speech. Another aspect of ethos Coach Boone used in his speech was borrowed credibility from Gettysburg. Towards the end of the speech he told the boys to â€Å"take a lesson from the dead† (Boone) and realize that if they do not stop these actions of hostility tow ards each other they will not be able to move forward as a team. The Civil War, and the Civil Rights Movement were turning points in American history and he used facts about the battle to build his ethos. Racial differences were still strong during the 1970s and if it wereShow MoreRelatedMoral And Rhetorical Analysis Of Remember The Titans913 Words   |  4 Pagesthe moral/ethical issues and dilemmas in a non-literary text to understand how the director and writer uses texts structures, language and visual feature to influence viewers. The source that will be analysed within this speech is ‘Remember the titans†. Remember the titans is a 2000 American sports film directed by Boaz Yakin. It follows the real life journey of a newly appointed African American coach and a high school team on their first season as a racially diverse unit. Throughout their journeyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Chan ge Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate

Law Challenges for Administrative Justice

Question: Discuss about theLawfor Challenges for Administrative Justice. Answer: In this paper, we discuss the problem or issue related to administrative law, and discussion on rule and principle of Administrative law. Issue Related to Administrative Law: Complexity: a large number of people find difficulty in understanding the government programs. Usually people do not understand the detail law of 8000 pages, almost 130 categories of visa in case of immigration or tax benefits related to families and schemes related to child support because such programs required forecasting the future incomes, work commitments and family care arrangements. Because of number of complex requirements and legal obligations by government confused the general public which results in complexity. In complex working system general public choose wrong options, break the rules and regulations, and they get confused in different programs. Because of these complex requirements by government people get confused and rely on the advice of the government regarding what to do, and how to do. It happen lot of time when people ask the wrong question or understand the wrong answer. These issues causes frustration and irritation, and sometimes it result in administrative penalties or loss of entitlements (McMillan, 2010). In case, of breach or fail to comply with these government requirements, then this will lead to administrative penalty or loss of entitlements. For example: incorrect information in the return attract penalty up to 25%, 50% or 75% of the calculated tax. Poor decision making and human frailty: there are number of cases which are identified by courts in which there is defective decision making, and such defects are corrected by courts, tribunals, and ombudsman. Such defects includes misinterpretation of legislation, courts analyze the information in wrong way, arrest or detain the people for wrong reason, and application of inappropriate penalties. However, these corrections cannot deny the fact that mistakes are done in frequent manner in this administrative system. It was the common activity that officers file the documents in wrong way, confuse the dates and names, and miss the deadlines or provide confidential information to the wrong people. These mistakes are human errors but it will result in dramatic consequences. Because of these simple errors number of people faces difficulty (Law handbook, n.d.). Three questions that are meant to generate a discussion about an Administrative Law rule or principle: How these administrative laws resolve the problem related to complexity? It is necessary that government make law programs that are easy to understand, and does not involve any complex requirements. Easy and understandable programs help in understanding the requirements and reduce the confusion. Is that possible that administrative law reviews the penalty provisions? Penalties are necessary for the person who breaches the regulations, but there are number of penalties which are caused due to confusion in understanding the regulations. Government also makes some provisions for those also who did not commit breach intentionally (Gleeson, 2001). How governments deal with the mistakes made by department? Mistakes made by departments are human errors but their effects are dangerous. It is necessary that government develop a department which keep an eye on the activities of officials and reduce such mistakes. References: McMillan, J. (2010). Ten challenges for administrative justice. Retrieved on 10th October 2016 from: https://www.ombudsman.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/30128/8-August-2008-Ten-challenges-for-administrative-justice.pdf. Law handbook. Administrative Law - Challenging Government Decisions. Retrieved on 10th October 2016 from: https://www.hobartlegal.org.au/book/export/html/901. Gleeson, M. (2001). Courts and the rule of law. Retrieved on 10th October 2016 from: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/speeches/former-justices/gleesoncj/cj_ruleoflaw.htm.

The Fifth Business Essay Example For Students

The Fifth Business Essay The Fifth Business – Robertson Davies The author Robertson Davies weaves a fascinating story that paints a picture of how one’s character is defined by their life experiences. The Fifth Business chronicles Dunstable Ramsay’s interactions with women during his life. The relationship with his mother, his neighbour, his first crush and his first lover had tremendous impact on the man that became Dunny. The results of Dunstable’s experiences with women determined the life path and character development of Dunstable Ramsay. Each of Dunny’s defining personality traits can be traced back to an influential woman during his journey. Leola Cruickshank was influential in Dunny’s development as a man. She was his first crush and resulted in lifelong conflict between him and Percy Boy Staunton. Leola initially taught Dunny jealousy, for she belonged to Percy; she was untouchable. Eventually, over the years, as Dunstan and Boy became friendly he began to see her as a trapped, unhappy woman. It was at this time that she became an object of pity. We will write a custom essay on The Fifth Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Leola Cruickshank in her lifelong relationship with Dunny defined the core personality traits of jealousy and pity. Mrs. Fiona Ramsay, Dunny’s mother, was a strict and unforgiving woman. She ruled her family with fear, in the Baptist â€Å"Fire and Brimstone† ways. Her constant criticism and judgemental actions were the catalyst to Dunny’s unexpected departure from the home. To Dunny fighting in the trenches was preferable to staying under his mother’s rule and submitting to her will being her â€Å"own dear laddie†. Davies, 30) â€Å"It must have been a strange scene, for she pursued me around the kitchen, slashing me with the whip until she broke me down and I cried. She cried to, hysterically, and beat me harder, storming about my impudence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Davies, 29) It was his mother’s influence that kept him reserved, distant and isolated from woman who tried to influence him and be a true part of his life. Dunny’s mother is resp onsible for his self-critical behavior and his efforts to remain emotionally distant and isolated from women. Diana Marfleet thought she was meant to be Dunstable’s wife. She was, after all, the woman who nursed him back to health from his coma, taught him to walk, to eat, acceptable social etiquette, and was his first lover. This was uncomfortably reminiscent of his own controlling and manipulative mother. Dunny expressed this clearly just prior to his break up with Diana â€Å"but even as I write it down I know how clear it is that what was wrong between Diana and me was that she was too much a mother to me, and as I had had one mother, and lost her, I was not in a hurry to acquire another – not even a young and beautiful one with whom I could play Oedipus to both our hearts’ content. If I could manage it, I had no intention of being anybody’s own dear laddie, ever again. † (Davies, 81) Diana Marfleet was directly responsible for his determination that marriage is a relationship based on control and manipulation and his resulting unshakeable bachelorhood. Liselotte Vitzliputzli is the exact opposite of Dunstan’s mother. She not only sees his valiant efforts to be a good man, but forced Dunstan to face the realization that he had emotionally isolated himself for his entire life in his efforts to be so good. In Lisel’s words â€Å"Listen, Ramsay, for the past three weeks you have been telling me the story of your life, with great emotional detail, and certainly ir sounds as if you did not think you were human. You make yourself responsible for other people’s troubles. It is your hobby. You take on the care of a poor madwoman you knew as a boy. You put up with subtle insult and being taken for granted by a boyhood friend – this big sugar-man who is such a power in your part of the world. You are a friend to this woman – Leola, what a name! who gave you your conge when she wanted to marry Mr. Sugar. And you are secret and stiff-rumped about it all, and never admit it is damned good of you. That is not very human. You are a decent chap to everybody, except one special somebody and that is Dunstan Ramsay. † (Davies, 216) Lisel is responsible for Dunstan’s realization that he is responsible for his own happiness. Mary Dempster was a pivotal woman in t he development of Dunny’s personality. The fateful snowball incident involving Mrs. .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae , .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae .postImageUrl , .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae , .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae:hover , .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae:visited , .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae:active { border:0!important; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae:active , .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uace8ec418f4a9c212173f002343b3dae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tropical Africa: Food Production and the Inquiry M EssayMary Dempster when Dunny was only ten years old virtually robbed Dunny of his childhood. He felt responsibility for his involvement and carried that guilt as a burden throughout the rest of his life. â€Å"I was contrite and guilty, for I knew that the snowball had been meant for me, but the Dempsters did not seem to think of that. † (Davies, 5) The fateful accident , resulting in her mental frailty and the premature birth of Paul Dempster also taught Dunny to stand strong in his beliefs of right and wrong and in fact steeled him against being ostracized by others for his beliefs. He cared for Mrs. Dempster and chose to interact with her and Paul even at the cost of his own popularity. â€Å"Being unofficial watchdog to the Dempster family was often a nuisance to me and did nothing for my popularity† (Davies, 23) This sense of loyalty to Mrs. Dempster was the beginning of his belief of her as a miraculous individual. â€Å"For me, Willie’s recall from death is, and always will be, Mrs Dempster’s second miracle. (Davies, 56) He saw her gentle, caring, self-less nature and superimposed those qualities on some of the incidents she was involved in. For example, she gave of herself to the tramp in the gravel pit, she brought Willie back to life, she protected him in battle and through his coma. This was the beginning of his interest in saints which eventually secured his financial future and his notoriety as a celebrated author. Mary Dempster was responsible for all those traits that propelled Dunny to adult success; loyalty, inquisitiveness, ethics and ambition.

Port Authority Helping Essays

Port Authority Helping Essays Port Authority Helping Essay Port Authority Helping Essay As you can see our port has a deep rooted history in our community and in our economy. Also, our port has some special features; for instance we have deep water docks allowing us to have large freighters come into our port. Additionally, our port is a destination port in that most of the goods that come in through the port are going somewhere within fifty miles of the dock. Lastly, our Cleveland Bulk Terminal (CBT)2 is amazing in that it has 1850 linear feet of dock with a loop track for ship to rail distribution. A couple of years ago the company removed the giant and obsolete huletts that used to unload the ships into trains, relying now on self-unloading equipment on ships. Trucks are not used because there is no haul road. This summer Oglebay Norton is hoping to bring the automatic loading equipment from the Lorain Pellet Terminal to enable easier re-loading of ships for International Steel Group. Through all of the current turmoil about the port it has been trying to exonerate its self and improve its image. The dispute has brought up two alternatives for the port; one is to leave the port as it is and make Whisky Island into a park; the second is to put the section of the port on the east bank of the river on Whisky Island and make the east bank area a park. Both are controversial as there are the Friends of Whisky Island who want the Island to become a park; while the port wants to just exist downtown. Some people believe that the port should go away all together. They dont realize that the ships bring goods from overseas, and those goods come into the citys factories, which either package them or make other products from them. Then, the factories ship the products out to be sold, thus, promoting trade and economic growth in the city of Cleveland and the whole country. As I mentioned before, the port is just striving to exist in downtown Cleveland. This is because of the deep water docks I also mentioned earlier the deep water docks are unique on the great lakes and very important to our economy. If the port were to be moved very far from its current locale there could be great expense taken to dredge a new location in an attempt to recreate deep water docks. In the current debate NOACA is the main intermediary; NOACA has set up a team of four city planners, one of which is from the city planning commission and three outside counsels, who have been holding meetings in different neighborhoods that might be affected and are taking in ideas. Many people like the idea to move the port to the west bank and free up land on the east, although it is unlikely. Thus, I can safely conclude, that the port is one of the biggest players in what will happen to our lakefront. It can either move or stay put. Although, it just wants to continue to exist and are continuously embellishing their own cause to make people think they are important. They are really important to recreation and our economy because they own the land and promote trade and economic growth. The port is a necessity and here to stay.

The Role of Chief Justice of the United States

The Role of Chief Justice of the United States Often incorrectly called the chief justice of the Supreme Court, the chief justice of the United States is the nation’s highest-ranking judicial official, and speaking for the judicial branch of the federal government, and serving as the chief administrative officer for the federal courts. In this capacity, the chief justice heads the Judicial Conference of the United States, the chief administrative body of the U.S. federal courts,  and appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. A Chief Justices Main Duties As primary duties, the chief justice presides over oral arguments before the Supreme Court and sets the agenda for the courts meetings. Of course, the chief justice presides over the Supreme Court, which includes eight other members called associate justices. The chief justices vote carries the same weight as those of the associate justices, though the role does require duties that the associate justices dont perform. As such, the chief justice is traditionally paid more than the associate justices. The 2018 annual salary of the chief justice set by Congress, is $267,000, slightly higher than the $255,300 salary of the associate justices. When voting with the majority in a case decided by the Supreme Court, the chief justice may choose to write the Courts opinion  or to assign the task to one of the associate justices. History of the Chief Justice Role The office of chief justice is not explicitly established in the U.S. Constitution. While Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 of the Constitution refers to a chief justice as presiding over Senate trials of presidential impeachment.  Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which establishes the Supreme Court itself, refers to all members of the Court simply as â€Å"judges.† The distinct titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States were created by the Judiciary Act of 1789. In 1866, Associate Justice Salmon P. Chase, who had been by to the Court by President Abraham Lincoln in 1864, convinced Congress to change the official title Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to the current Chief Justice of the United States. Chase reasoned that the new title better acknowledged the position’s duties within the judicial branch not directly related to the Supreme Court’s deliberations. In 1888, Chief Justice of the United States Melville Fuller became the first person to actually hold the modern title. Since 1789, 15 different presidents have made a total of 22 official nominations to either the original or the modern chief justice position. Since the Constitution mandates only that there must be a chief justice, the practice of appointment by the president with the consent of the Senate has been based solely on tradition. The Constitution does not specifically prohibit the use of other methods, as long as the chief justice is selected from among the other sitting justices. Like all federal judges, the chief justice is nominated by the president of the United States and must be confirmed by the Senate. The term-in-office of the chief justice is set by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which states that all federal judges shall hold their offices during good behavior, meaning that chief justices serve for life, unless they die, resign, or are removed from office through the impeachment process. Presiding Over Impeachments and Inaugurations The chief justice sits as the judge in  impeachments  of the president of the United States,  including when the vice  president of the United States  is the acting president. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presided over the Senate trial of President  Andrew Johnson  in 1868, and Chief Justice  William H. Rehnquist  presided over the trial of President William Clinton in 1999. While its thought the chief justice must swear in ​presidents at inaugurations, this is a purely traditional role. According to law, any federal or state judge is empowered to administer oaths of office, and even a notary public can perform the duty, as was the case when Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president in 1923. Procedure and Reporting and Inaugurations In day-to-day proceedings, the chief justice enters the courtroom first and casts the first vote when the justices deliberate, and also presides over closed-door conferences of the court in which votes are cast on pending appeals and cases heard in oral argument. Outside the courtroom, the chief justice writes an annual report to Congress about the state of the federal court system and appoints other federal judges to serve on various administrative and judicial panels. The chief justice also serves as chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution  and sits on the boards of the National Gallery of Art and the Hirshhorn Museum.

A Tempest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Tempest - Essay Example Caliban represents negritude. Decolonization is at the heart of A Tempest. Caliban struggles for freedom while Ariel collaborates for his freedom. The world of man usually thinks in hierarchical terms. This leads to constant power struggles and revolution when the time is ripe. The black devil-god, Eshu comes along to shake up the hierarchal structure set forth by the colonizer and to promote Caliban's revolution. A Tempest also reflects Cesaire's disillusionment with Communism and his desire for a colonial uprising. Cesaire uses the characters in A Tempest to represent the major ideals dominating the imperial world of the twentieth century. Prospero is the character that represents imperialism. Although Prospero did not voluntarily leave his native country for the purpose of colonizing another land, he fits the criteria of colonizer. Prospero believes that if it were not for him Ariel would still be held captive in a tree and Caliban would be nothing more than a beast. Prospero, the Empire, is: powerful, knowledgeable, strong, and magical. In Act I scene 2 of A Tempest, Ariel expresses regret at the fact that Prospero came and conquered. Ariel wishes that he could have stayed captive in the tree because after all he might have become a real tree in the end. Colonized people surely must have wondered to what heights they would have grown to on their own without the empire crushing down on them. Throughout A Tempest Prospero and Caliban are locked in a constant struggle. Prospero is angry that Ca liban will not accept his position of supposed superiority over him. It's obvious that Prospero has knowledge of magic since he captures, the sprite, Ariel, but one has to wonder if ninety percent of the magic Prospero has over Caliban is actually scientific knowledge that Prospero greedily holds on to and uses to keep Caliban in place. Prospero wants Caliban to believe that he has rescued Caliban from savagery. In a fine example of negritude Caliban proclaims who is mother is; where he came from, and the fact that he would be king of the island if it were not for Prospero. In the book titled Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945, author Tony Judt quotes Charles De Gaulle as saying, " 'In French Africa [] there can be no true progress unless men are able to benefit from it morally and materially on their native soil, unless they can raise themselves little by little to a level where they can partake in the management of their own affairs' " (283). The most remarkable person that Prospero has conquered is Ariel, because Ariel is hardly a person, Ariel is a sprite. Ariel represents the hope that colonized people felt. The hope that one day their freedom would be granted if they performed loyally to the empire and the hope that one day the empire would see them as their equals. The only way that an empire will let go of its hold over a people is to acknowledge the empire's wrong-doing in the first place. Through Ariel's non-violent struggle he believes that he can actually help Prospero gain a conscious. There is a struggle between Ariel and Prospero throughout the text, but it is much more subtle that Caliban's struggle against Prospero. Ariel and Caliban have an understanding that Prospero is the corrupt one. In Robin Kelley's introduction of A Tempest, Kelley paraphrases Cesaire's literary work titled Discourse on Colonialism, "The instruments of colonial power rely on barbaric, brutal

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 37

Discussion Questions - Essay Example seven general principles applied by Steve Jobs which resembles the innovation and creativity are do things which people love, aspire which can help to change the world, reset brain, sell dreams to people, neglect unnecessary, create insanely and finally mastering the way of delivering message to the customers. Thomas Edison is another creative thinker. Thomas Edison is regarded as the most famous inventor and creative. Ideas of Thomas Edison on application of creativity and innovation are to focus on creative mind power and work on the ideas which have been previously worked by others. Something that occurs within the organization is referred to as internal driver of innovation. The forces outside the organization motivate and enables Company to trigger the mode of innovation for betterment is knows as external forces of innovation (Luke, 2013). External factors are changing economy, market, social changes, government policy, new trend, introduction of new technology. Internal driver of innovation is cost reduction, new product, changes in structure of organization, advance level of technology and innovation camps for brainstorming. The application of innovation is done by companies by reinventing the core business process. Effective organizational structure, ethical cultural background and processes that are designed in an organization can lead to innovation. These divers are applied in an organization by maintaining effective workplace and installing collaboration and partnering in business organization. There is no specific instance for production of positive result. The implementation of innovation in organization can produce result by the help of trial and error experiment. The active implementation of vision and strategy can help to produce positive result. The introduction of new services, products and technologies in an organization to gain competitive advantage over other competitors

Media Violence Not Good for Children Essay Example for Free

Media Violence Not Good for Children Essay The effects of media violence on children have been studied for over thirty years, with researchers repeatedly finding correlations between aggressive/violent behavior and the viewing of media violence. These education and psychology researchers began asserting years ago that a cause-and-effect relationship existed, i.e., viewing media violence was one of the causative factors in aggressive behavior in children. We often use the phrase that children are impressionable. We mean that children do not see the world through the same filter of experience that adults do. Children see things more literally. They do not yet possess the sophisticated sensibilities to distinguish fiction from reality. It matters a great deal, therefore, how much TV children watch and what they view. Young children often mimic what they see. Parents and caretakers observe this regularly. If children see people punching and kicking, they may act out that same behavior. Older children develop, through years of watching, sub-conscious mental plans of how they will react in conflict situations. For years they have seen conflicts resolved by violence, and they sub-consciously develop the same reaction plan. When confronted with a conflict, the tendency is to react the way they have seen countless others react—in a combative, aggressive or violent manner. Researchers call this developing a cognitive script. Through television, video games, and movies, children and teens view countless acts of violence, brutality, and terror as part of entertainment. They become conditioned to associating violence with entertainment. This is the classical conditioning. First-person shooter video games develop our children’s skills in operating weapons. The games reward marksmanship, and further reinforce the association of killing with entertainment. In the past, the heroes of movie and television shows were usually people who strictly followed the law. Now, heroes are often people who take the law into their own hands, who see an injustice or evil and seek to rectify it personally, sometimes brutally, regardless of the consequences. Such portrayals signal to a child society’s approval of that behavior. Lacking the judgment that comes with age, a child who feels he has been dealt with unfairly may copy that behavior, with disastrous consequences

Can there be a grand unified theory of Psychology? Discuss. :: essays research papers

Can there be a Grand Unified Theory of Personality? Bradley Templeton Scobie No single theory of personality can adequately explain the full function of human behaviour. Psychodynamic approaches often come under a lot of criticism as they fail to be explicit about the underlying bases of the theory. Cognitive theories are not very comfortable with explaining emotions and behavioural theories have difficulty explaining the mechanisms of improvements. It has become quite clear in the field of Psychology, and to some Psychologists like Windy Dryden (Individual Therapy) explicitly clear that there is a missing linkand that somewhere amongst the mass of theories on personality, the answer is staring them in the face. These Psychologists often practice a form of Psychology called Eclectism, which takes a little out of each theory and unites it during therapy with a client. You can’t use this sort of therapy as a theory however because all the Eclectic Psychologist is doing is ignoring the fundamental ideological underpinnings of the particular theories he is using and taking the parts relevant to their client in therapy This essay will explore one of the possible combinations of theories on personality and explain how it can be applied in practical therapy. Eysenkes theory of biological bases in behaviour is the base of this essays approach. It provides the rules within which the other two personality theories (Kellys Personal Construct Theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Human needs) can function. Using Eysenkes theory on extravert and introvert behaviour it is possible to determine from birth, very general traits about which a person is willing to work within (aggression, anxiety tolerance and sociability etc) which is where this essay believes Kelly slightly misunderstands this concept and defines it as his Range Corrollary. Really the person is experiencing a fundamental shift from Extravert behaviour or thinking to Introvert or vice versa which causes slight unease and can account for things like shyness etc. One of the major criticisms of Kellys Personal Construct Theory is that he finds it hard to explain why constructs are laid down in the first place and why one would rigourously defend the threat to a core construct. What kick starts the Construct system into defending itself when motivation is clearly and explicitly lacking in his theory? Eyesenkes theory provides an amicable solution. If we could assume that this information was genetically coded in to the cells at birth then this no longer becomes an issue and we can explain how’s and why the constructs are laid down to a loose genetic template i.

Ethical behavior is legally governed rather volunteered by organizations

Corporate Organizations, in today’s cut- throat competition and globalized economy are forced to focus to improve their bottom line. Corporate governance or ethical practices are limited to a level which is mandatory as per laws. Genuine commitment to ethics is like a needle in haystack. There are various elements to ethical behavior expected from the organizations Accounting transparency: Enron and Worldcom are glaring examples where ethics were compromised to maintain profitable image of the organization.Accounting firm Arthur Anderson’s creative accounting and ulterior motives of management crippled investor’s confidence to the nadir, resulting in bankruptcy/ closure of all three organizations. Leading by example: As per data, US CEOs were paid 42 times the average worker's pay in 1980, to 85 in 1990, and then skyrocketed to 531 times by 2000. Leadership teams of organizations are paid everything to show healthy growth in turnover and profits, for shareholder to be exited at stock markets.No CEO is paid to exemplify ethical leadership at Wall Street. Child labor: Many corporate, primarily in apparel segment, overlook the extreme levels of child exploitation in third world countries. In absence of strict law or policy, child labor is another big area which is not effectively monitored and contained. Summary: Though state (U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission) try to put accounting and auditing system, Corporate Ethics remain an Oxymoron.Ethics, like democracy, is a lot easier in theory than in practice. It would be imperative on regulatory bodies and responsible corporations to take lead in showing value in becoming ethical organization. Moreover, shareholders also should reward organization which exhibit transparency and good quality corporate governance. References: Munzig P G, â€Å"Enron and Economics of Corporate Governance† Stanford University, (June 2003), (http://www-econ. stanford.edu/academics/honors_theses/theses_200 3/Munzig. pdf) Holmstrom, Bengt and Steven N. Kaplan, â€Å"The State of US Corporate Governance: What’s right and What’s wrong? † National Bureau of Economic Research: Working paper 9613, (2003) Jense, Michael and Kevin Murphy, 1990, â€Å"Performance Pay and Top Management Incentives†, Journal of Political Economy, (1990) September/October 1996 edition of At Work [email  protected] com, byBerrett-Koehler Publishers. Jon Entine is a writer and Emmy

Descriptive Essay on Soccer Ball

Most would take for granted how a soccer ball looks. They would put it as an pointless detail to the sport. To those people, they see this wonderful object as just a b all. Nothing more and nothing less. Others, however, know better. At first look you may n twice the specific black and white color coordination belonging only to the soccer ball. A closer look will reveal twenty white, hexagonal and twelve black, pentagonal surface s that make up the covering of the ball.When rotating the ball you may notice name Ross cuts along to the surface of the ball, the dust, crosshatched lining peeking out fro m under. Spots of mud all over the surface of the soccer ball. If the ball is so close to your face you can smell the scent of dirt and grass mix De with the light smell of rain that perfumes the ball in your grasp. When you breathe deep you can almost taste the dirt and grass on your tongue, a bittersweet flavor that SST says In your mouth, the taste of the rain adding to the already fun ky odor and flavor I n your mouth.The feeling of the ball is something entirely unto itself. If you pick up a soccer ball and hold it in your hands, you can feel the smoothness of the covering and how or undo in shape it is. As your hand curves around the ball, you feel the graininess of the rediscovered surface between your hand and the surface. As your hands contain u to move your hand around the ball's surface, you are able to tell the difference when your fingers fall into the smooth cracks of the stitching, same as to the delicately or ugh cuts and scrapes on the surface of the ball, made from the bounce against a solid wall.A perfect ball, if squeezed, it will be squeezed a little because of the pressure of your fingers on the ball. If kicked properly, the fierce kick of your foot hitting the baa II does not hurt at all. In fact you will feel strong after a good kick. Rolling the ball under y our foot, oh get a feel for its shape, how it moves, and how it's resistance to your body The feeling of a ball hitting your body can sometimes be a bad encounter. If ski eked with enough force, the impact of flesh and soccer ball can be really painful.Though h a the ball may not feel hard when held, when it is flying at a rapid pace and comes to an sudden stop when it meets your stomach, chest, leg, forehead, and even face, it can f eel as hard and solid as a rock. The sound of a soccer ball is really something special. You can tell by the soon d the ball makes how good your kick was. Essentially, the sound aimed for is a loud, Dee , popping sound. This shows you have kicked the ball in the right area.

Free Essays on New At School

Arriving at Canisius College in late August was a mind blowing experience. The unfamiliar situation which I was in was so familiar to me when I arrived. It’s the feeling I got when I started my first day of pre-school. Every face belonged to a stranger and every voice seemed foreign to my ears. All I could tell myself was that I knew that things would get better, just give it time. My situation has changed for the most part; the familiar feeling has started to fade. The experiences I’ve gone through have changed my attitude about my current situation. I remember waking that day; my first day of college, knowing my life would never be the same. I lay in bed thinking about every bad thing that could happen to me. The crimes, the drugs, and the busy streets kept rushing through my head. After procrastinating as long as I could, I got out of bed, gathered my belongings and placed them in my car. I then proceeded to do something I had been dreading all summer. I went back in the house to say goodbye to my family. The first one I said goodbye to was my dog. She’s a big fat dog with a wrinkled face that spends most of her time lying around the house and eating. The look on her face was so casual. Realistically I knew she didn’t know what was happening, but I told myself that she didn’t want me to go. My brothers and sisters were moderately disappointed. I could see that they would miss me at first, but tomorrow would be as normal as a day as any other. My Mom, on the other hand, couldn’t stop the tears from coming. She hugged me and told me how much she would miss me. I tried to leave before she could see how close I was to breaking down as well. I jumped in my car, turned the ignition and backed out the drive way. I tried so hard not to look back but my mind became flooded with friends, good times I was leaving behind, and not making the grade. Both of my parents are college graduates and spend a lot ... Free Essays on New At School Free Essays on New At School Arriving at Canisius College in late August was a mind blowing experience. The unfamiliar situation which I was in was so familiar to me when I arrived. It’s the feeling I got when I started my first day of pre-school. Every face belonged to a stranger and every voice seemed foreign to my ears. All I could tell myself was that I knew that things would get better, just give it time. My situation has changed for the most part; the familiar feeling has started to fade. The experiences I’ve gone through have changed my attitude about my current situation. I remember waking that day; my first day of college, knowing my life would never be the same. I lay in bed thinking about every bad thing that could happen to me. The crimes, the drugs, and the busy streets kept rushing through my head. After procrastinating as long as I could, I got out of bed, gathered my belongings and placed them in my car. I then proceeded to do something I had been dreading all summer. I went back in the house to say goodbye to my family. The first one I said goodbye to was my dog. She’s a big fat dog with a wrinkled face that spends most of her time lying around the house and eating. The look on her face was so casual. Realistically I knew she didn’t know what was happening, but I told myself that she didn’t want me to go. My brothers and sisters were moderately disappointed. I could see that they would miss me at first, but tomorrow would be as normal as a day as any other. My Mom, on the other hand, couldn’t stop the tears from coming. She hugged me and told me how much she would miss me. I tried to leave before she could see how close I was to breaking down as well. I jumped in my car, turned the ignition and backed out the drive way. I tried so hard not to look back but my mind became flooded with friends, good times I was leaving behind, and not making the grade. Both of my parents are college graduates and spend a lot ...

3 Types of Parenthetical Problems

3 Types of Parenthetical Problems 3 Types of Parenthetical Problems 3 Types of Parenthetical Problems By Mark Nichol 1. The survey found increasing demand for customer experiences that are difficult, if not impossible to deliver with legacy systems. Writers sometimes carelessly neglect to close a syntactical door after opening it. In this case, â€Å"if not impossible† is a parenthetical interjected into the main clause, so a comma must follow as well as precede it: â€Å"The survey found increasing demand for customer experiences that are difficult, if not impossible, to deliver with legacy systems.† 2. Similar to the Internet in the 1990s that transformed business models to adopt e-commerce and new ways of working, cryptocurrencies and blockchain have the potential to disrupt in ways not even imagined. There is only one Internet, but this sentence implies that more than one exists, and that the one in question transformed business models in the manner described, but the reference to transformation is parenthetical, and nonessential to the main clause, so it should be set off with a comma as a parenthetical by preceding which, which replaces that to signal the nonrestrictive nature of the parenthetical: â€Å"Similar to the Internet in the 1990s, which transformed business models to adopt e-commerce and new ways of working, cryptocurrencies and blockchain have the potential to disrupt in ways not even imagined.† (The comma that separates the subordinate clause, â€Å"Similar . . . working,† from the main clause, â€Å"cryptocurrencies . . . imagined,† doubles as the parenthesis-closing punctuation mark.) 3. Three board members, John Doe, former CEO of World Wide Wickets; Jane Smith, CEO of Global Tetrahedron; and James Jones, executive director of the Church of the SubGenius; voted against the measure. The series of names and job titles is parenthetical to the main clause, â€Å"Three board members voted against the measure.† However, the punctuation marks that open and close the parenthetical do not match, and all the semicolons are problematic because they syntactically cut off â€Å"voted against the measure† from the rest of the sentence. The simple solution is to replace the overkill semicolons with commas because the sentence structure precludes confusion about the corresponding names and titles: â€Å"Three board members, John Doe, former CEO of World Wide Wickets, Jane Smith, CEO of Global Tetrahedron, and James Jones, executive director of the Church of the SubGenius, voted against the measure.† Alternatively, if the writer insists on using semicolons, splice the two parts of the main clause into one uninterrupted statement as a setup to a list that follows a colon: â€Å"Three board members voted against the measure: John Doe, former CEO of World Wide Wickets; Jane Smith, CEO of Global Tetrahedron; and James Jones, executive director of the Church of the SubGenius.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?The Parts of a WordTypes of Ignorance

Watergate discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Watergate discussion - Essay Example That is why such incidents occur because the government officials themselves are involved in such a criminal act. Due to this the later presidents such as Clinton and Obama and all the other politicians are being thoroughly investigated in order to avoid any such incidents. There are some people who don’t even bother to vote. This is so because they have seen that most of the presidents just speak and do nothing in favor of the people’s interest. But this doesn’t mean that all the government officials are like this. If I was a voter at that I wouldn’t have voted for a person like him not because I am a non voter but because its really hard to trust a person who committed a serious crime and afterward tried to hide his wrong doing by blaming the other parties. Nixon just to make his political enemy the Democratic Party weak committed such a crime. The opinions of the majority of people would have been similar because no one knows that such incidents will ta ke place or not in the near future so they find it better not to vote for any of the candidates. The impact of the Watergate scandal on the later politicians made them realize the power of the media. They also understood that no matter how much power a Presidents possesses no one is above the constitutional law of equality and in the end Nixon got the result of his criminal act. The politicians then were of the view that it’s better to be clear and truthful to the public regarding all the matters. Now the politicians had a clear-cut view that no person is above the law not even the president himself. During this scandal many lawyers were involved in it so the American Bar Association decided that the lawyers should take a course in professional responsibility which is still exists till date. More over it led to the first amendment of protection of freedom of the

Impacts Of Conversion Of Tropical Forests To Small-Scale Agriculture Essay

Impacts Of Conversion Of Tropical Forests To Small-Scale Agriculture - Essay Example From a biologist perspective, tropical forests are the richest and most exciting areas on earth sheltering a diverse wildlife. Tropical forests are differentiated from another type of forests due to their gigantic trees amazingly diverse fauna of colorful birds, millions of brightly hued insects, and a variety of fascinating mammals. It is widely accepted that tropical lowland forests are the most species-rich type of terrestrial ecosystem, for example, a hectare of Malaysian tropical rainforest may contain 180 kinds of trees. Tropical rainforests are generally concentrated near the equator in Asia, Africa, South America, Central America, and on many of the Pacific Islands. According to WWF’s biome classification, tropical rain forests are considered a type of tropical wet forest and may also be referred to as lowland equatorial evergreen rain forests. All five layers of tropical rainforests i.e. emergent layer, canopy layer, understory layer, shrub layer, and forest floor are enriched with different plants and animals. Tropical deforestation, desertification, decreasing biodiversity, climate change and the scarcity of fresh water are issues of recent global conflict. This paper makes a conclusion that tropical forests are the richest and most exciting areas on earth sheltering a diverse wildlife. Small-scale agricultural practices, though considered safe by many scientists and ecologists, have been proved to be having detrimental effects on the health of tropical forests. These agricultural practices are facing the burden of huge population growth and unhealthy practices.

Financial analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial analysis - Essay Example The current ratios of Merck & Co are ideal, being generally slightly greater than 1. The quick ratio measures whether the firm has enough liquid resources to meet its current liabilities by excluding stock from the current assets in the current ratio (Wood, 1994, p. 418). In this regard, Johnson & Johnson is performing better than its competitors. Its quick ratios for the recent 4 years are slightly greater than 1 while those for its competitors are generally below 1. The debt/equity ratio shows the proportion of long term debt to internal financing. The debt/equity ratios of Johnson & Johnson are at ideally low levels of between 0.05 to 0.11, which are lower than that of the industry average at 0.23. The debt/equity ratios of Procter & Gamble are quite high, ranging from 0.59 to 0.81. However, they are lower than the industry average of 1.01. The debt/equity ratios for Merck & Co., though not as good as those for Johnson & Johnson are reasonable at between 0.27 and 0.33. The leverage ratio shows the amount of assets that a dollar of equity finances. The leverage ratio of Johnson & Johnson at 1.5 to 1.8 are ideal being lower than the industry average of 2.1 and also those of its competitors that range from around 2 to 3. The interest coverage from continuing operations shows the extent to which profit may fall before the firm will not be able to meet its interest charges. When this happens the firm faces being taken over or being wound up. Again, the interest coverage from continuing operations for Johnson & Johnson is excellent. It shoots up from 59 in 2002 to an extremely ideal figure of 253.8 in 2005, especially in light that the industry average is only 27.4. The interest coverage from continuing operations for Procter & Gamble is not as good as that of Johnson & Johnson. It ranges from 12.1 to 14.4 and the data exhibits a downward trend. The interest coverage from continuing operations for Merck & Co also not as good

Western Lowland Gorilla Essay

Western Lowland Gorilla Essay

Sports In The Law :: essays research papers

May 6, 2001 -- He was surrounded by his teammates, but yet Larry Johnson felt alone. Not part of the group. Not part of the struggle to advance deeper into the playoffs. And now, with the season over and done with, Johnson is extremely worried that he may never be a part of it ever again. "Man, I just don't know," Johnson said yesterday on his way out the door of Purchase College. Johnson's career might be finished. He missed the final six games of the regular season and the entire five-game playoff series loss to the Raptors. The only way Johnson was able to dull the pain in his back was with medication, which he stopped taking during the season because he feared possible side effects would be damaging to his health later in life. Next week, Johnson says he will meet with doctors to discuss his options. There is a real chance he will be forced to retire at the age of 32. "Having the ability to play? I'm concerned about it all," Johnson admitted. "This was the playoffs, and I didn't play one minute." In his 10th NBA season and completing his fifth with the Knicks, Johnson averaged a career-low 9.9 points a game, shot a career-worst .411 and played in only 65 games. He continued to operate out of position as an undersized power forward and despite his diminished production, his big-shot potential was missed by the Knicks in their playoff ouster at the hands of the Raptors. "I'm really worried about LJ," said Kurt Thomas, who filled in admirably for Johnson. "Obviously Larry's health is a huge issue," added Jeff Van Gundy. "Larry over time has really meant a lot to this team. I'm just hopeful he's able to resume his career and be healthy, but for me to guess about that would be irresponsible. We have to wait and see and let time take its natural course.

Physiological Psychology and Ocd Essay

Physiological Psychology is as described by Kalat (1998) as the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behaviour and experience. It is devoted to the study of brain functioning, how Neurons and Glia convey messages to one another and other parts of the body for it to function and work accordingly. Future studies of physiological psychology will help predict behavioural patterns in society and how brain functions can be â€Å"rewritten† through cognitive therapies .e.g. alcoholism, drug addictions. Kalat (1998) further goes onto explain that a Biological psychologist (physiological psychologist) try to answer four types of questions about any given behaviour, how it relates to the physiology of the brain (what parts of the brain are active) and other organs, how it develops within the individual, how did the capacity for this behaviour evolve and why did this behaviour evolve. Without the physiological understanding of how brain process work in relation to behaviour it is difficult to correctly diagnose a behaviour pattern and its cause. Kalat (1998) describes that â€Å"having a little anxiety can be useful†, however OCD is a condition in which there is excessive anxiety. OCD can be explained to a patient in simple physiological terms explaining the behaviour of the brain, for example: OCD patients often have a broken mechanism (being a synapse interaction) in their brain that would usually stop a thought once you have it. In an OCD patient it does not (stop the thought) – so the thought is allowed to revolve. This seems in description that it would sound more like a broken record than OCD really does, but that isn’t what really happens. OCD can be genetic but is most certainly physiological in nature. Without an understanding of brain functioning and how these neurons interact, how can psychologists work to alleviate the symptoms of the disorder? Research into the biological causes and effects of OCD has revealed a link between OCD and insufficient levels of the brain chemical, serotonin. Serotonin is one of the brain’s chemical messengers that transmit signals between brain cells. Serotonin plays a role in the regulation of mood, aggression, impulse control, sleep, appetite, body temperature and pain. For example persons with unregulated serotonin lead to destructive antisocial behaviour patterns, which society commonly experiences on a growing scale. All of the medicines used to treat OCD raise the levels of serotonin available to transmit messages. Without physiological psychological research into the effects that these medicines have on the brain society would lack the knowledge and understanding of how to diagnose and appropriately treat disorders such as OCD. Modern brain imaging techniques have allowed researchers to study the activity of specific areas of the brain. Such studies have shown that people with OCD have more than usual activity in three areas of the brain. These are: The caudate nucleus, specific brain cells in the basal ganglia, located deep in the centre of the brain this area of the brain acts as a filter for thoughts coming in from other areas. The caudate nucleus is also considered to be important in managing habitual and repetitive behaviours. When OCD is successfully treated with drugs or therapy, the activity in this area of the brain usually decreases. This shows that both drugs and a change in â€Å"thinking† can alter the physical functioning of the brain. The prefrontal orbital cortex, located in the front area of the brain the level of activity in the prefrontal orbital cortex is believed to affect appropriate social behaviour. Lowered activity or damage in this region is linked to feeling uninhibited, making bad judgments and feeling a lack of guilt. More activity may therefore cause more worry about social concerns. Such concerns include: being meticulous, neat and preoccupied with cleanliness, and being afraid of acting inappropriately. All of these concerns are symptoms of OCD. The cingulate gyrus, in the centre of the brain the cingulate gyrus is believed to contribute the emotional response to obsessive thoughts. This area of the brain tells you to perform compulsions to relieve anxiety. This region is highly interconnected to the prefrontal orbital cortex and the basal ganglia via a number of brain cell pathways. The basal ganglia, the prefrontal orbital cortex and the cingulate gyrus all have many brain cells affected by serotonin. Researchers believe that medicines that raise the levels of serotonin available to transmit messages may change the level of activity in these areas of the brain. Kalat (1998) offers the idea that drugs intended to control anxiety alter activity at amygdale synapses. â€Å"One of the amygdala’s main excitatory neuromodulators is CCK (cholecystokinin), which increases anxiety, and the main inhibitory transmitter is GABA, which inhibits anxiety.† Without physiological research into the how and why of brain function, people with disorders such as OCD would not be able to function â€Å"normally† within society. However this type of research and study is not limited just too diagnosing disorders in those with suspected behavioural problems but also allows insight into society as a whole and its interaction socially, emotionally and habitually. New and innovative studies through physiological research have shown that cognitive behavioural therapy can change activity in certain areas of the brain. The discovery could have important clinical implications on how talk therapies improve brain function and advance mental health. Researchers discovered significant changes in activity in certain regions of the brain can be produced with as little as four weeks of daily therapy in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder as published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry. â€Å"The study is exciting because it tells us more about how cognitive-behavioural therapy works for OCD and shows that both robust clinical improvements and changes in brain activity occur after only four weeks of intensive treatment,† said Saxena. Past studies using functional brain imaging studies of patients with OCD have demonstrated that elevated activity along the frontal-sub cortical circuits of the brain decreases in response to treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) medications or cognitive-behavioural therapy. However, clinical improvement of OCD symptoms was expected to require up to 12 weeks of behavioural therapy or medication treatment, the standard treatments for OCD. Only a handful of studies have looked at how therapy affects brain function, and all previous studies had examined changes over several months of treatment. Continual studies into physiological psychology will enhance clinical practises and provide a platform for more effective treatment of the symptoms related to this disorder. Saxena and colleagues at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA made two novel discoveries in their study of 10 OCD patients and 12 control subjects. â€Å"First of all, we discovered significant changes in brain activity solely as the result of four weeks of intensive cognitive-behavioural therapy,† said Saxena. â€Å"Secondly, these changes were different than those seen in past studies after a standard 12-week therapeutic approach using SRI medications or weekly behavioural therapy.† The researchers obtained positron emission tomography (PET) scans of the ten OCD patients both before and after they received four weeks of a therapy known as â€Å"exposure and response prevention,† which gradually desensitizes patients to things that provoke obsession fears or worries. However, the PET scans in this study also showed a significant increase in activity in an area of the brain called the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, a region involved in reappraisal and suppression of negative emotions. Increasing activity in this region corresponded to the OCD patients’ improvement in clinical symptoms after the four-week course of intensive therapy. It is possible to see the huge amount of information that physiological research has bought forth to society through just these examples alone. Physiological psychology is the study of the physiological basis of how we think, connecting the physical operation of the brain with what we actually say and do. It is thus concerned with brain cells, brain structures and components, brain chemistry, and how all this leads to speech and action. Further research as to how growing debilitating disorders such as OCD could be eliminated or drastically reduced in severity has weight in its importance. The research however does not stop with OCD diagnosis but has relevant importance to understand how we take in information in general from our five senses. Future studies based on OCD research could be more relevant than we think to other major issues facing society such as depression, drug addiction and mental health. It is imperative for governing bodies to fund education and research into the study of physiological psychology for this very reason. References: Kalat 1998 Biological Psychology Molecular Psychiatry Molecular Psychiatry 14, 197-205 (February 2009) | doi:10.1038/sj.mp.400213

Naturalism

Naturalism is a type of literature that â€Å"exposed the dark harshness of life . . . were often very pessimistic and . . . blunt .† (Wikipedia).  Ã‚   Naturalistic writers do not moralize about the nature of human beings in their works, but view them with cold impartiality.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To them, nature is an indifferent force that adopts a hands-off policy vis-à  -vis human beings and the calamities that befall them.   Naturalistic works often depict an individual’s struggle to survive against the forces of nature.   At times, the conflict may be that of man against himself as he strives to maintain his humanity, to tame â€Å"the brute within† in the face of contending passions.     Ã‚  Characters in such works usually belong to the lower middle class or the lower classes.  Ã‚     (Campbell).Jack London’s The Law of Life depicts the indifference of nature to the impending death of an old man.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abandoned in the snow by his tr ibe,   nearly blind and lame, old Koskoosh lies beside a fire with only a handful of twigs to keep himself from freezing.   He is aware of his imminent end, but calmly accepts the fact that â€Å"all men must die†.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the few remaining hours of his life, he reflects on the never ending cycle of life and death, on how even the most vigorous animal would fall prey to old age and its predators.  Ã‚   In all this, he concluded that â€Å"nature did not care.  Ã‚   To life, she set one task, gave one law.   To perpetuate was the task of life, its law was death.†Koskoosh recalled how the Great Famine ravaged his tribe, against which they were all helpless.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Here, London brings into focus an indifferent nature, heedless of the wailings of the villagers until nearly all of them starved to death.  Ã‚   Koskoosh also remembered how the times of plenty awakened the blood lust in his people until they revived ancient quarrels and wage d war on their enemies.  Ã‚   In this case, the â€Å"brute within†, another frequent theme of the naturalistic work, is awakened and unleashed.Occupying the old man’s thoughts in his final moments was his memory of a moose that fought off wolves until it was overpowered and fell on the bloody snow.  Ã‚  Ã‚   That recollection foreshadowed his own death: wolves were closing in on him as his fire dwindled.  Ã‚  Ã‚   But unlike the moose which fought to the very end, Koskoosh gave up when he realized the futility of it.   â€Å"What did it matter after all?† he asked.   â€Å"Was it not the law of life?†An indifferent, hostile nature pervades The Open Boat by Stephen Crane.   Four men, one of them injured, sat on a dingy after their ship went down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An angry surf separated them from the safety of the beach; they could not take the boat to shore lest she capsize.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Desperate and afraid, sleepless and hungry, the corre spondent ponders the indifference of nature to their plight.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The men spend the night at the sea, alternately rowing and keeping the boat afloat.The appearance of vacationers on the beach waving gaily to the men in the boat thus giving them hopes of immediate rescue is probably Crane’s way of emphasizing the nonchalance of nature in the face of human suffering, made more bitter by the realization that no rescue was forthcoming after all.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cook’s â€Å"house of refuge†, deserted and lifeless, seemed to mock the men:   â€Å"There was the shore of the populous land, and it was bitter and bitter to them that from it came no sign.† (4).Crane focuses on the inner despair of the men as they wait and toil at the oars, aware that their tiny dingy might be swamped at the next wave, drowning them, or that they might be taken out to sea when the on-shore wind died.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the face of this uncertainty, Crane voices out, thr ough the correspondent, the pathetic rebellion of the ordinary mortal who could not believe, and yet could not overcome, the indifference of nature to his plight:Was I brought here merely to have my nose dragged away as I was about to nibble the sacred cheese of life? It is preposterous. If this old ninny-woman, Fate, cannot do better than this, she should be deprived of the management of men`s fortunes.   .   . If she has decided to drown me, why did she not do it   in the beginning and save me all this trouble? . . . But, no, she cannot mean   to drown me. She dare not drown me. She cannot drown me. Not after all this work. . . Just you drown me, now, and then hear what I call you! (4).The correspondent in The Open Boat saw the â€Å"abominable injustice† of being drowned after so much hardship.  Ã‚   The idea of fairness and justice is deeply ingrained in him that he finds it would be â€Å"a crime most unnatural† .  Ã‚  Ã‚   He imagined nature’s indifference similar to his own and that of his school-fellows who during childhood were taught a poem about a soldier of the Legion who lay dying in Algiers: he did not care about him but now, faced with his own death, he felt sorry for the soldier of the Legion who lay dying in Algiers   (6).The tall wind-tower is also an apt symbol of nature’s indifference.  Ã‚   â€Å"This tower was a giant, standing with its back to the plight of the ants.  Ã‚   It represented . . . the serenity of nature amid the struggles of the individual. . . She did not seem cruel to him, nor beneficent, nor treacherous, nor wise.  Ã‚   But she was indifferent, flatly indifferent.† (7).The characters in The Open Boat are just â€Å"ordinary† persons but in their mortal peril each of them performed heroically in their battle against the sea: the wounded captain, vigilantly keeping watch, clinging with one hand to the keel of the dingy after it had swamped; Billie the oiler, mast erfully steering the craft, dying before he reached the safety of the beach; the cook and the correspondent, fighting desperately against the churning surf.Like Koskoosh, the correspondent in The Open Boat considered death a proper release from one’s pains, the former from his futile struggle with the wolves, and the latter from his struggle with the waves.  Ã‚  Ã‚   He thought that â€Å"when one gets properly wearied, drowning must really be a comfortable arrangement, a cessation of hostilities accompanied by a large degree of relief, and he was glad of it . . .† (7).A Deal in Wheat by Frank Norris tells about the plight of Sam Lewiston and his wife and thousands of other wheat farmers who were driven to bankruptcy due to the trickery of wheat dealers who gambled with the prices of grain, oblivious of the untold suffering caused by their machinations.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sam and his wife and the people who lined up at night at the bread line belonged to the lower c lasses of society: â€Å"workmen, long since out of work, forced into idleness by long-continued ‘hard times,’ by ill luck, by sickness.†The â€Å"interminable line of dark figures, close-pressed, soundless; a crowd, yet absolutely still . . .waiting in the vast deserted night-ridden street; waiting without a word .. . . under the slow-moving mists of rain†,   is as naturalistic as Crane’s and London’s stories set in a hostile sea and an abandoned camp in the snow:There was something ominous and gravely impressive in this interminable  line of dark figures, close-pressed, soundless; a crowd, yet absolutely  still; a close-packed, silent file, waiting, waiting in the vast  deserted night-ridden street; waiting without a word, without a  movement, there under the night and under the slow-moving mists of rain.From this line of hungry men there arose â€Å"a shudder of despair, an unformed, inarticulate sense of calamity† caused by the abrupt notice that the bread line was being discontinued owing to the increase in the price of grain.  Ã‚   This particular scene imparts to the reader Sam Lewiston’s and the crowd’s pathetic plight, their helplessness against the market forces that conspired to bring about their ruin.   Ã‚  The â€Å"white-aproned undercook† who posted the notice and disappeared within the bakery symbolizes an indifferent nature, perhaps an indifferent society, not caring whether or not the hundreds of people that have silently, patiently stood outside in the cold would go to bed hungry that night and for nights to come.These three stories represent the naturalistic genre: The Law of Life by Jack London showing the endless cycle of life and death as viewed in the last reflections of an old man, who resigns to accept his own violent death from hungry wolves; The Open Boat by Stephen Crane depicting the struggles of four men in a dingy to reach the safety of land; and A Deal in Wheat by Frank Norris, which brings into focus the grim silent suffering of people at a bread line.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In all these works the writers attempt to portray the lives of common persons as they grapple with the forces of nature and endure calamity caused by the manipulation of other human beings.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through these works, the writers drive home to our consciousness a world of harsh and cold reality: of ordinary human beings forced to contend with an uncaring, indifferent nature, yet bringing to the fore something heroic and extra-ordinary within them.WORKS CITEDCampbell, Donna M. â€Å"Naturalism in American Literature.†Literary Movements.      2 February 2007.   Accessed 2 March 2007..Crane, Stephen.   â€Å"The Open Boat†. 2 March 2007.London, Jack.   â€Å"The Law of Life†.   2 March 2007.Norris, Frank. â€Å"A Deal in Wheat†.   5 March 2007.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Naturalism†.   20 February 2007.  Ã‚   Accessed 2 March 2007. Naturalism Naturalism is a type of literature that â€Å"exposed the dark harshness of life . . . were often very pessimistic and . . . blunt .† (Wikipedia).  Ã‚   Naturalistic writers do not moralize about the nature of human beings in their works, but view them with cold impartiality.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To them, nature is an indifferent force that adopts a hands-off policy vis-à  -vis human beings and the calamities that befall them.   Naturalistic works often depict an individual’s struggle to survive against the forces of nature.   At times, the conflict may be that of man against himself as he strives to maintain his humanity, to tame â€Å"the brute within† in the face of contending passions.     Ã‚  Characters in such works usually belong to the lower middle class or the lower classes.  Ã‚     (Campbell).Jack London’s The Law of Life depicts the indifference of nature to the impending death of an old man.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abandoned in the snow by his tr ibe,   nearly blind and lame, old Koskoosh lies beside a fire with only a handful of twigs to keep himself from freezing.   He is aware of his imminent end, but calmly accepts the fact that â€Å"all men must die†.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the few remaining hours of his life, he reflects on the never ending cycle of life and death, on how even the most vigorous animal would fall prey to old age and its predators.  Ã‚   In all this, he concluded that â€Å"nature did not care.  Ã‚   To life, she set one task, gave one law.   To perpetuate was the task of life, its law was death.†Koskoosh recalled how the Great Famine ravaged his tribe, against which they were all helpless.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Here, London brings into focus an indifferent nature, heedless of the wailings of the villagers until nearly all of them starved to death.  Ã‚   Koskoosh also remembered how the times of plenty awakened the blood lust in his people until they revived ancient quarrels and wage d war on their enemies.  Ã‚   In this case, the â€Å"brute within†, another frequent theme of the naturalistic work, is awakened and unleashed.Occupying the old man’s thoughts in his final moments was his memory of a moose that fought off wolves until it was overpowered and fell on the bloody snow.  Ã‚  Ã‚   That recollection foreshadowed his own death: wolves were closing in on him as his fire dwindled.  Ã‚  Ã‚   But unlike the moose which fought to the very end, Koskoosh gave up when he realized the futility of it.   â€Å"What did it matter after all?† he asked.   â€Å"Was it not the law of life?†An indifferent, hostile nature pervades The Open Boat by Stephen Crane.   Four men, one of them injured, sat on a dingy after their ship went down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An angry surf separated them from the safety of the beach; they could not take the boat to shore lest she capsize. Desperate and afraid, sleepless and hungry, the correspondent pon ders the indifference of nature to their plight.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The men spend the night at the sea, alternately rowing and keeping the boat afloat.The appearance of vacationers on the beach waving gaily to the men in the boat thus giving them hopes of immediate rescue is probably Crane’s way of emphasizing the nonchalance of nature in the face of human suffering, made more bitter by the realization that no rescue was forthcoming after all.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cook’s â€Å"house of refuge†, deserted and lifeless, seemed to mock the men:   â€Å"There was the shore of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the populous land, and it was bitter and bitter to them that from it came no sign.† (4).Crane focuses on the inner despair of the men as they wait and toil at the oars, aware that their tiny dingy might be swamped at the next wave, drowning them, or that they might be taken out to sea when the on-shore wind died.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the face of this uncertain ty, Crane voices out, through the correspondent, the pathetic rebellion of the ordinary mortal who could not believe, and yet could not overcome, the indifference of nature to his plight:Was I brought here merely to have my nose dragged away as I was about to    nibble the sacred cheese of life? It is preposterous. If this old ninny-woman, Fate, cannot do better than this, she should be deprived of the management   of men`s fortunes.   .   . If she has decided to drown me, why did she not do it    in the beginning and save me all this trouble? . . . But, no, she cannot mean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to drown me. She dare not drown me. She cannot drown me. Not after all    this work. . . Just you drown me, now, and then hear what I call you! (4).The correspondent in The Open Boat saw the â€Å"abominable injustice† of being drowned after so much hardship.  Ã‚   The idea of fairness and justice is deeply ingrained in him that he finds it would be â€Å"a crime most unnatural† .  Ã‚  Ã‚   He imagined nature’s indifference similar to his own and that of his school-fellows who during childhood were taught a poem about a soldier of the Legion who lay dying in Algiers: he did not care about him but now, faced with his own death, he felt sorry for the soldier of the Legion who lay dying in Algiers   (6).   The tall wind-tower is also an apt symbol of nature’s indifference.  Ã‚   â€Å"This tower was a giant, standing with its back to the plight of the ants.  Ã‚   It represented . . . the serenity of nature amid the struggles of the individual. . . She did not seem cruel to him, nor beneficent, nor treacherous, nor wise.  Ã‚   But she was indifferent, flatly indifferent.† (7).The characters in The Open Boat are just â€Å"ordinary† persons but in their mortal peril each of them performed heroically in their battle against the sea: the wounded captain, vigilantly k eeping watch, clinging with one hand to the keel of the dingy after it had swamped; Billie the oiler, masterfully steering the craft, dying before he reached the safety of the beach; the cook and the correspondent, fighting desperately against the churning surf.Like Koskoosh, the correspondent in The Open Boat considered death a proper release from one’s pains, the former from his futile struggle with the wolves, and the latter from his struggle with the waves.  Ã‚  Ã‚   He thought that â€Å"when one gets properly wearied, drowning must really be a comfortable arrangement, a cessation of hostilities accompanied by a large degree of relief, and he was glad of it . . .† (7).A Deal in Wheat by Frank Norris tells about the plight of Sam Lewiston and his wife and thousands of other wheat farmers who were driven to bankruptcy due to the trickery of wheat dealers who gambled with the prices of grain, oblivious of the untold suffering caused by their machinations.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sam and his wife and the people who lined up at night at the bread line belonged to the lower classes of society: â€Å"workmen, long since out of work, forced into idleness by long-continued ‘hard times,’ by ill luck, by sickness.†The â€Å"interminable line of dark figures, close-pressed, soundless; a crowd, yet absolutely still . . .waiting in the vast deserted night-ridden street; waiting without a word .. . . under the slow-moving mists of rain†,   is as naturalistic as Crane’s and London’s stories set in a hostile sea and an abandoned camp in the snow:There was something ominous and gravely impressive in this interminable line of dark figures, close-pressed, soundless; a crowd, yet absolutely still; a close-packed, silent file, waiting, waiting in the vast deserted night-ridden street; waiting without a word, without a movement, there under the night and under the slow-moving mists of rain.From this line of hungry men there arose â€Å"a shudder of despair, an unformed, inarticulate sense of calamity† caused by the abrupt notice that the bread line was being discontinued owing to the increase in the price of grain.  Ã‚   This particular scene imparts to the reader Sam Lewiston’s and the crowd’s pathetic plight, their helplessness against the market forces that conspired to bring about their ruin.   Ã‚  The â€Å"white-aproned undercook† who posted the notice and disappeared within the bakery symbolizes an indifferent nature, perhaps an indifferent society, not caring whether or not the hundreds of people that have silently, patiently stood outside in the cold would go to bed hungry that night and for nights to come.These three stories represent the naturalistic genre: The Law of Life by Jack London showing the endless cycle of life and death as viewed in the last reflections of an old man, who resigns to accept his own violent death from hungry wolves; The Open Boat by Stephen Crane depicting the struggles of four men in a dingy to reach the safety of land; and A Deal in Wheat by Frank Norris, which brings into focus the grim silent suffering of people at a bread line.In all these works the writers attempt to portray the lives of common persons as they grapple with the forces of nature and endure calamity caused by the manipulation of other human beings.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through these works, the writers drive home to our consciousness a world of harsh and cold reality: of ordinary human beings forced to contend with an uncaring, indifferent nature, yet bringing to the fore something heroic and extra-ordinary within them.WORKS CITEDCampbell, Donna M. â€Å"Naturalism in American Literature.†Literary Movements.   2 February 2007.   Accessed 2 March 2007..Crane, Stephen.   â€Å"The Open Boat†. 2 March 2007.  Ã‚  London, Jack.   â€Å"The Law of Life†.   2 March 2007.  Norris, Frank. â€Å"A Deal in Wheat†.   5 March 2007.â€Å"Naturalism†.   20 February 2007.  Ã‚   Accessed 2 March 2007.

Participative Management Essays

Participative Management Essays Participative Management Paper Participative Management Paper 1. Introduction to Participative Management: Participative Management refers to as an open form of management where employees are actively involved in the organization’s decision making process. Participative Management can also be termed as ‘Industrial Democracy’, ‘Co-determination’, ‘Employee Involvement’ as well as ‘Participative Decision Making’. The concept is applied by the managers who understand the importance to human intellect and seek a strong relationship with their employees. They understand that the employees are the facilitators who deal directly with the customers and satisfy their needs. Involvement of employees and other stakeholders who will be influenced by management decisions in helping to make those decisions. Participative management can increase employee commitment to an organizations goals at the same time it offers fresh insights into how the organization can become more effective. The idea behind employee involvement at every stage of decision making is absolutely straight. Open and honest communication always produces good results both for organization as well as workers. Freedom and transparency in company’s operations take it to the next level and strengthens the basis of the organization. On the other hand, there are several companies that straightway rule out the possibility of participative decision making process. According to them, employees misuse their freedom of expression and participation in decision making as it provides higher status to employees and empowers them. However, there are many companies who have embraced this particular style of management and are now getting positive results. Toyota is the best example. The company has been following suggestion schemes and employee involvement procedures for over a decade now. The management receives almost 2,000,000 suggestions and ideas every year and around 95 percent of these are implemented by the company. Who is not aware of Toyota’s success rate? Around five thousand improvements per year have made Toyota one of the fastest growing organizations globally. The need is to develop and implement a comprehensive company policy and everything works well. Employee participation at each level of decision making process is not at all harmful if managed efficiently. The whole process can be well coordinated and controlled by the sincere and honest efforts of human resource managers. 2. Concepts of Participative Management: The traditional logic of organizing is to give simple work to employees at the bottom of the pyramid who then report through a supervisor up a hierarchical chain of command to senior executives who provide direction, coordination, and control. This does not work well for organizations managing knowledge intensive tasks. As the number and visibility of high knowledge-based organizations increases, the need for a â€Å"new logic† of management has gained currency among both academics and managers (Lawler 1996; Beer et al. 1990; Case 1998). Lawler (1996:22) summarizes some of the principles of this new logic, as shown in Table 1 Old Logic Principle| New Logic Principle| Organization is a secondary source of competitive advantage|  ¦ Organization can be the ultimate competitive advantage|  ¦ Bureaucracy is the most effective source of control|  ¦ Involvement is the most effective source of control|  ¦ Top management and technical experts should add most of the value|  ¦ All employees must add significant value|  ¦ Hierarchical processes are the key to organizational effectiveness|  ¦ Lateral processes are the key to organizational effectiveness|  ¦ Organizations should be designed around functions|  ¦ Organizations should be designed around products and customers|  ¦ Effective managers are the key to organizational effectiveness|  ¦ Effective leadership is the key to organizational effectiveness| There are five different perspectives and rationale for workers participation in organizations: A) The Managerial Approach: which is inspired by productivity and efficiency goals (participation is organized at a lower level in order to relieve worker dissatisfaction and morale problems). This approach reflects the emerging viewpoint that organizational design and management effectiveness can provide a significant competitive advantage. It gives considerable attention to issues of organizational design and organizational change, on the basis that entirely new work structures and ways of organizing work can lead to substantial gains in effectiveness (Lawler et al. 2001). A key issue in this approach is the extent to which management delegates or retains the power to initiate, frame, an d terminate participative processes. It also reflects management’s view that the direct participation of workers undermines union power. B) The Humanist Psychology Approach: which is inspired by human growth and development goals, (participation as a way to enhance the well-being of the individual by promoting individual creativity, self-esteem, and ego strength). This approach reflects a much more positive view of human nature and emphasizes the need to retrain managers to develop their participative leadership skills and unlearn authoritarian behaviors. C) The Industrial Relations Approach: which is inspired by democratic goals (participation is not only a means to an end in itself but also a way to create a strongly democratic society, characterized by active participative citizens). This approach reflects the importance of the external environment to the organization (not highly recognized in bureaucratic, hierarchical organization design, but more widely recognized in organic, open-system designs). Participation in the workplace is seen as contributing to an effective and just society. D) The Political Approach: which is inspired by revolutionary goals (participation as a means to change the overall structure of ownership to a collective base and to educate workers to class consciousness). E) The Psycho-Sociological or Anthropological Approach: which is inspired by synthetic, multidimensional goals (participation as a way of acculturation, of pushing workers to internalize the economic norms of the organization) and emphasizes the fundamental aspects of human nature and how to get the best out of workers. It emphasizes the fundamental social interactions in the workplace and the role of participation in addressing issues of resistance, motivation, and engagement. 3. Scope of Participative Management The scope of participative style of management certainly depends on the organization, its nature, functions and processes. Though associating employees at every stage of decision-making is not possible still regular exchange of information, ideas, consultations, thoughts, decisions and negotiations between employer and the employees definitely is a boon to the organization The scope of workers’ involvement in managerial decision-making may extend to social, economic and personnel decision making depending upon the requirements of the organization. But there is a difference of opinion about the extent to which employees can participate in managerial decision-making process. Should they be equal partners and make joint decisions or should workers be given opportunities through their seniors to come up with the ideas. The first school of thoughts favors the actual participation of workers while the second school of thoughts suggests the consultation of workers in managerial decision making. It is up to the management to decide which style it prefers and till what extent it requires involvement of employees. However, if we talk about the scope of workers’ participation in social, economic and personnel decision-making, it may have a direct impact on some of the most crucial activities of the organization. Employees can participate in the following decision making areas: * Social Decision-Making: It refers to employee involvement in decision making regarding hours of work, rules and regulations at workplace, welfare measures, workers’ safety, employee welfare and health. In this category, employees have a say in decisions in these areas. They may take an advantage of their liberty and sometimes, can dominate the management. * Economic/Financial Decision-Making: It includes involvement of employees on various financial or economic aspects such as the methods of manufacturing, cost cutting, automation, shut-down, mergers and acquisition and lay-offs. Inviting ideas from employees on various issues like how to cut down the operating cost can work wonders. * Personnel Decision-Making: The employees’ participation in personnel decision-making refers to their involvement in various management processes including recruitment and selection, work distribution, promotions, demotions and transfers, grievance handling, settlements, voluntary retirement schemes and so on. Participation of employees in these processes can safeguard their interests and motivate them to work hard for the betterment of self as well as the organization. Employee participation in decision-making process although is beneficial. However, there may be some limits on it to ensure that they do not take advantage of their liberty and right of participation. There are several ways through which employees can participate in the whole process. Some of them are financial participation, participation through collective bargaining, participation at the board level, participation through ownership, participation through work councils and committees and participation through suggestion schemes. Anyone of these ways or processes can be adopted by the management to ensure participation from workers. 4. Objectives of Participative Management: Participative management acts as a force to motivate employees to meet specific organizational goals. The main idea behind this style of management is not only using physical capital but also making optimum utilization of intellectual and emotional human capital. This is the process of involving people in decision making process to ensure that everyone’s psychological needs are met. It, in turn, increases the job satisfaction among employees and improves the quality of their work life. There are few main objectives to introduce participative style of management: * To Make Best Use of Human Capital: Participative management does not restrict organizations to exploit only physical capital of employees. Rather it makes the best use of human intellectual and emotional capital. It gives employees an opportunity to contribute their ideas and suggestions to improve business processes and create a better working environment. * To Meet the Psychological Needs of Employees: When employees have a say in decision making process, it gives them a psychological satisfaction. It is a simple force that drives them to improve their performance, create a proper channel of communication and find practical solutions to design better organizational processes. * To Retain the Best Talent: Participatory management is one of the most effective strategies to retain the best talent in the industry. It gives employees a sense of pride to have a say in organizational decision making process. Once they are valued by their seniors, they stick to the organization and become management’s partners in meeting specific goals and achieving success. * To Increase Industrial Productivity: In today’s competitive world, motivation, job security and high pay packages are not enough to increase industrial productivity. Leadership, flexibility, delegation of authority, industrial democracy and employee say in decision making are important to increase annual turnover of any organization. * To Maintain a Proper Flow of Communication: Two-way communication plays an important role in the success of any organization. Employee participation in decision making ensures proper flow of communication in the organization. Everyone contributes their best and tries to strengthen the organization by contributing their best to improve business processes. Participative management is beneficial to organization as well as employees. It gives employees a higher degree of enjoyment at work place that drives them to work harder. It is equally rewarding for the management as it ensures tremendous improvement in work culture within the organization as well as increase in its productivity. 5. Features of Participative Management: Employees have always been bossed around their managers and told what they are supposed to do. They never had the authority to decide things in the company. Gradually, times are changing and employees are encouraged to participate in organization’s decision making process. Management motivates them to come up with ideas and suggestions that can make organizational processes far more efficient. The main idea behind adopting participatory form of management is to work together, achieve targeted goals in minimum possible time and stay ahead of competition. Some of the features of participative management are given below: * Ethical Dimensions: Participatory management has ethical dimensions and based on morals, principles and values. In this form of management, everyone is treated equally when it comes to organizational decision making. It is based on employee empowerment, responsibility sharing and delegation of authority. Proper Channel of Communication: Participative form of management encourages two-way communication. It is not only management that decides what employees need to do but it also encourages employees to participate in decision making and give ideas and suggestions to make organizational processes better and more efficient. They are allowe d to share their problems, views, ideas and feedback with their managers. * Empowers Employees: Participative style of management gives employees a chance to participate in management processes. They are encouraged to come up with their views. This provides a higher status to employees as they also have a say in decision making. Recognition of Human Dignity: In this form of management, all employees are treated equally irrespective of their designations when it comes to giving ideas and suggestions for organizational decision making process. Employees are no more the servants of managers but are the most important assets of an organization. * Psychological Satisfaction to Employees: Most of our lives are spent at workplace. It is important for everyone to have psychological satisfaction as far as our employment is concerned. Commitment from the organization, respecting the dignity of individuals and co-determining the company policies are some of the features of participative manage ment that provide psychological satisfaction to employees. Participative Management is a universally recognized concept but still most organizations hesitate to adopt it. Through this style of management, both the parties, employer and employees, are satisfied. It brings management and employees closer and thus, should be adopted open heartedly. 6. Pre-requisites of Participative Management: Participative management can best be described as a style of decision making that ensures that involvement of stakeholders at all levels. This operates at three levels, Problem analysis, strategy formulation and final implementation of the solution. There are certain prerequisites to be met before participative management can be put to work. Participative management requires following pre-requisites: Willingness from the managers to give up some charge to the workers: Managers must share some level of their authority with the workers and they must in turn be in a position such that the successful participation of all is ensured. It cannot be successful i n any organization unless is carefully planned, timed and well thought upon. * Change in the employee’s idea: The change must come in the organization culture and certain other style of decision making to participative style. * Attitude of the top and middle management: Top management needs to approach employee involvement with a receptive and open mindset. This encourages participation. They must be open to new ideas and innovations. Since decision making is based on inputs of one and all, therefore its success also depends on the degree of participation of employees. In certain organizations despite obvious proofs, the employees decide not to participate or make contribution. In yet another organizations the employees are not skilled enough to make meaningful contributions to the final decision making process. This can be overcome by imparting the right kind of training and by the manager himself by ascertaining the individual strengths of his team members and asking for relevant contributions based upon the same. 7. Preparation for Participative Management: Participative management in itself does not ensure success and should not be seen as tool to create magic within no time. There is certain ground preparation required before an organization can decide for implementation of the management style. The following things need to be taken care of: * Clearly defined objectives: Each party mainly the management and the employees must have clearly defined objectives. Operationally there should be no clash between the objectives of the two. * Clear Communication: There should be clear and timely communication between the management and the workers or the employees. This helps in building trust between the two parties. Workers also gain a sense of responsibility increasing their stake in their work and in the organization as a whole. * Choosing the Representative: It is important for the workers to choose their representative from among themselves and not any person from outside the labor union. This is important for two reasons. First, the person is able to better understand the problems of his colleagues and report the same to the management. Second, the management is keener to talk and listen from a person who works within the organization. * Training the Workers: Training and awareness regarding the usefulness of participative management is required to make it more effective. Further training is required to ensure that every person at every level knows his what contribution he/she has to make. * Confidence: Both parties workers and the management need a trust to develop between the two. Participation should not be perceived as intimidation to the position of any. If workers think that their status will be adversely affected, they refuse to participate. Similarly, if managers suspect that they will lose their authority, they will decline to participate. * Increasing Workers Participation: Workers participation needs to be increased at each level in order to encourage them to contribute meaningfully. Further, their suggestions and recommendations need to be treated with dignity and respect. Nothing can be more motivating than seeing your recommendation being put to practice. * Ensuring ROI: Participation should not be at the cost of the values of the organization. It has to be carefully planned; employees should devote a certain time for participation and the rest upon their own specific area of work. Participative management may be a solution for each and every type of organization. It is a big challenge in big organizations with big employee size. The implementation needs to be carefully planned and implemented gradually. 8. Importance of Participation: The greatest and widely accepted benefit of participation is the increased work ownership of employee. An employee is better able to relate himself/herself with his or her work and this improves performance and efficiency at work. Concepts by John Newstrom and Keith Davis worked extensively upon the subject. They identified three variables that lead to increased performance. These variables are a part of participative management. According to them, the three variables that collectively enhance performance are: * Removing conditions of Powerlessness: This implies empowering the employees to take decisions on their own, be enterprising and take more risks. This requires a wholesome change in the entire organizational structure and culture. Then leadership becomes a crucial aspect. The choice of a leader who can inspire, motivate and delegate with equal efficacy assumes importance. The reward system needs a revamp. Psychologically empowerment connotes increased responsibilities in the mind of an employee, a hike is required. Finally, participation should result in either job enrichment or job enlargement. Job enlargement means expanding the job responsibilities adding task elements horizontally. Job enrichment on the other hand means that the job becomes more rewarding monetarily and otherwise. * Enhance Job Related Self Efficacy: Increase in responsibilities also demands increased efficiency at work. This is achieved by providing training helping an employee achieve job mastery. Laying down benchmarks for a certain set of responsibilities by the use of role models (those who have already accomplished tasks in similar capacities under similar workload) also benefits. * Perception of Empowerment: Employees often misunderstand the idea of participation. There may be a certain group of employees who participate aggressively and in the process their own work gets affected. These perceptions need to be taken care of otherwise they may be well the undoing of all the good work. Empowerment means more competence and value addition to work. It means that individual accepts the responsibilities with humility and fulfills them with grace and efficacy. It calls for increased use of talent. It is in wake of this that the concept of talent management is fast evolving. 9. Benefits of Participative Management: There are few benefits that have been associated with participative management and these are follows: * Innovation and increased efficiency: The problem solving process and openness to new ideas can result in innovation. Apart from this as mentioned above there is also knowledge sharing amongst the workers and the managers. This means that those who are part of a certain process at the ground level give inputs for improved efficiency of the same. This has dual implications, helping improve the quality of product and curtailing the cost of manufacture. Timeliness: There is improved communication between the managers and the workers and between workers across different units. A loophole or flaw is reported in time. * Employee satisfaction and Motivation: Empowering the employees increases their ownership or stake in their work. This increases efficiency and productivit y. Consequently there is decreased absenteeism and less employee turnover. This also works in attracting more people towards the organization and the job. * Product quality: A say in decision making means that workers can immediately pin point and suggest remedial measures for improving the efficiency of the process they are a part of. This means that quality control in product or service is exercised for the lowest level. Less supervision required: There is greater focus on management of self with due emphasis of widening one’s skill set. One of the major benefits of this is that there is a lesser need of supervision and support staff. * Better grievance handling: Increased communication paves way for reduced number of grievances and quick and effective resolution of dispute (often on the spot). * Flexibility: Flexibility is increased as a result of cross training. Increased coordination among team members also offers a comfort zone for the newly hired. Participative managem ent thus results in overall increase of the ownership of work of an employee. This empowerment can lead to increased efficiency, better productivity, improved morale and job satisfaction. But the fact the participative management requires an overall change in the organizational culture, the implementation of the same, especially when there is a bureaucratic style of decision making in place, can be a major challenge. 10. Limitations of Participative Management: Participative management is undoubtedly one of the better approaches to management. But like any other style of decision making there are certain limitations. These limitations arise either externally or internally. The following are certain limitations of participative management: * The employee’s right of not participating: An employee has the right to not participate. Certain people do not believe in the usefulness of participation and therefore opt out of the same. Some labor unions for example question the usefulness of participation reasoning that participation offers the management deep insights into the workers and they may then use it against the latter. * Manipulation: Managers may sometimes use participation to manipulate employees. This may be both conscious and subconscious. Similarly, representatives of the labor unions may also exploit the workers in the name of participation. * Workers Psychology: An existent psyche amongst the employees, that they are the workers and their primary purpose is to serve their masters (management) prevents them from participating. It is therefore of little interest to such people. General Bias: Resistance to change inside the organization as mentioned earlier is the biggest hurdle to participative management. Managers decline to share power or to delegate apprehending that they may lose authority by doing so. Workers similarly show disinterest in the participation presuming everything to be well in ord er. * Trade Unions: Trade unions are integral to the success of participative management; they may be equally detrimental to the success of the same. Most of the trade unions engage in politics and are little bothered about participation. Add to it, the approach of representatives or individuals is also not very favorable. Workers join trade unions for personal rather than organizational reasons. 11. Ways of participation of employees in decision making: Participation of workers in decision-making process has resulted in successful value creation in many organizations. Though the extent to which employees should participate in organizational decision making is still a matter of debate. Some say that workers’ union should participate with management as equal partners while some believe in restricted or bounded participation, that is, participation of employees or workers to a limited extent. However, there are a number of ways through which employees can participate in decision-making process of any organization. Participation at the Board Level: Representation of employees at the board level is known as industrial democracy. This can play an important role in protecting the interests of employees. The representative can put all the problems and issues of the employees in front of management and guide the board members to invest in employee benefit schemes. * Participation through Ownership: The other way of ensuring workers’ participation in organizational decision making is making them shareholders of the company. Inducing them to buy equity shares, advancing loans, giving financial assistance to enable them to buy equity shares are some of the ways to keep them involved in decision-making. Participation through Collective Bargaining: This refers to the participation of workers through collective agreements and by deciding and following certain rules and regulations. This is considered as an ideal way to ensure employee participation in managerial processes. * Participation through Suggestion Schemes: Encouraging your employees to come up with unique ideas can work wonders especially on matters such as cost cutting, waste management, safety measures, reward system, etc. Developing a full-fledged procedure can add value to the organizational functions and create a h ealthy environment and work culture. * Participation through Complete Control: This is called the system of self management where workers union acts as management. Through elected boards, they acquire full control of the management. In this style, workers directly deal with all aspects of management or industrial issues through their representatives. * Participation through Job Enrichment: Expanding the job content and adding additional motivators and rewards to the existing job profile is a fine way to keep workers involved in managerial decision-making. Job enrichment offers freedom to employees to exploit their wisdom and use their judgment while handling day-to-day business problems. * Participation through Quality Circles: A quality circle is a group of five to ten people who are experts in a particular work area. They meet regularly to identify, analyze and solve the problems arising in their area of operation. Anyone, from the organization, who is an expert of that articular field, can become its member. It is an ideal way to identify the problem areas and work upon them to improve working conditions of the organization. Employees can participate in organizational decision making through various processes mentioned above. However, there are other ways such as financial participation, Total Quality Management, participation through empowered teams and joint committees and councils through which they can contribute their share in making the organizations a better place to work. 12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Participative Management: There exist both advantages of and disadvantages of participative management. 12. 1 Advantages: Increase in Productivity: An increased say in decision making means that there is a strong feeling of association now. The employee now assumes responsibility and takes charges. There is lesser new or delegation or supervision from the manager. Working hours may get stretched on their own without any compulsion or force from the management. All this leads to increased productivity. * Job Satisfaction: In lots or organizations that employ participative management, most of the employees are satisfied with their jobs and the level of satisfaction id very high . This is especially when people see their suggestions and recommendations being implemented or put to practice. Psychologically, this tells the individual employee that, ‘he too has a say in decision making and that he too is an integral component of the organization and not a mere worker’. * Motivation: Increased productivity and job satisfaction cannot exist unless there is a high level of motivation in the employee. The vice versa also holds true! Decentralized decision making means that everyone has a say and everyone is important. * Improved Quality: Since the inputs or feedback comes from people who are part of the processes at the lowest or execution level. This means that even the minutest details are taken care of and reported. No flaw or loophole goes unreported. Quality control is thus begins and is ensured at the lowest level. Reduced Costs: There is a lesser need of supervision and more emphasis is laid on widening of skills, self management. This and quality control means that the costs are controlled automatically. 12. 2 Disadvantages: * Costs: Participative managem ent increases cost. If workers are to take important management roles, then they must be trained on many complex issues. Many workers may feel dissatisfied, since the promises of democratic management are often not connected to results; hours are longer, debates can get fierce, and the workplace can become divided. * Time: If the very long workday is to be avoided, then council meetings would have to take place during work time. This means lost labor hours, lost productivity and endless distraction. Many managers would not want to constantly referee debates over firm issues when the council members are debating. * Union Objections: Independent labor union representatives are concerned that organizations will use employee participation or involvement programs to deter employees from using the independent union representation. The law should continue to prohibit companies from setting up company dominated labor organizations. * Decision making slows down: Participative management stands for increased participation and when there are many people involved in decision making, the process definitely slows down. Inputs and feedback start pouring from each side. It takes time to verify the accuracy of measurements which means that decision making will be slowed down. * Security Issue: The security issue in participative management also arises from the fact that since early stages too many people have been known to lots of facts and information. This information may transform into critical information in the later stages. There is thus a greater apprehension of information being leaked out. 13. Conclusion: Participative management is an effective decision making tool. It is often the managers who implement it the wrong way. Participative management calls for a change and this change can not come overnight. You require patience and consistency before employees realize the usefulness of the management style. Participative Management is a universally recognized concept but still most organizations hesitate to adopt it. Through this style of management, both the parties, employer and employees, are satisfied. It brings management and employees closer and thus, should be adopted open heartedly. There are other problems that often arise with the managers. The problems may arise because of the following: Managers often view it as the ends and not as a tool. There is confusion if whether participative management means democratization. Managers sometimes manipulate the process for their own advantage. Finally it can be said that there are positives and negatives of participative management, but the company should allow some kind of participation from its employees in the decision making process. References: 1) http://business. yourdictionary. com/participative-management 2) academia. edu/467403/Why_should_Employees_participate_in_management_decisions_The_advantages_of_participative_management 3) ehow. com/info_8526128_disadvantages-participative-management. html 4) Lawler III. , Edward E. 1996. From the Ground Up: Six Principles for Building the New Logic Corporation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. P. 22. 5) managementstudyguide. com/participative-management. htm